Function and location of kidneys
Fluid balance is maintained with these. (2 Answers)
ADH
Aldosterone
where does blood filtration occur?
renal corpuscle
what are ureters?
two tubes that exit the kidneys at their hilus and connect to the urinary bladder
What are the two major regions of the kidney?
Renal Cortex, and Renal Medula
What is the total amount of glucose that can be absorbed by the proximal convoluted tube called? Renal threshold of glucose
Renal threshold of glucose
What is the 1st step for an urinalysis?
Examine the the urine
What is another word for urination?
Micturition or uresis
Name the two main components of a nephron.
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
What hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?
Renin
What hormones does the kidney produce? (2 Answers)
Erythropoietin
Prostaglandins
where are capillaries found?
between arterioles and venules
how many layers are ureters composed of and what are they?
3, fibrous, muscular, epithelial
Whats the location of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity?
retroperitoneal space upper abdomen
What is the glucose limit for cats that can be absorbed?
240mg/dl
Chemical analysis of the urine sample is performed using?
A reagent strip
What do we call frequent urination?
Polyuria
What is the function of the glomerulus in the nephron?
To act as a filter for blood plasma
What hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?
Renin
What hormone is responsible for red blood cell production?
erythropoietin
how are glomerular capillaries different than normal capillaries?
they are between 2 arterioles
higher blood pressure
what do ureters do?
continuously move urine from the kidneys to the blader
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is glucose in the urine called?
glycosuria
What method of obtaining the urine is most commonly used and most sterile?
cystocentesis
What parts make up the urinary system?
Kidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters
What surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate?
Bowman’s capsule
How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) help regulate blood pressure?
Increases blood pressure
what does the kidney remove to increase acidity?
Bicarbonate
what are the 3 main mechanisms used by the kidneys in the waste elimination role?
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
how do ureters move urine?
peristaltic contractions
A key part of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood is?
Renal Corpuscle
The failure of the kidneys is called?
Renal failure
Which animal’s urine contains mucus normally?
Equines
What do we call low urine output?
Oliguria
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Reabsorption of water, ions, glucose, and amino acids
What is the role of aldosterone in kidney function?
Promotes reabsorption of sodium (and water), and excretion of potassium
what does the kidney remove to increase alkalinity?
hydrogen
plasma is transferred out of the glomerular capillaries via small holes in the capillary endothelium called what?
fenestrations
the two openings of the ureters and the opening of the urethra form an upside-down triangle called what?
trigone
What is the purpose of the renal capsule?
Filter blood
Whats the percent of nephrons you lose to cause the kidneys to shut down?
70%
what yellow substance is produced during the breakdown of RBCs? (found in bile)
Bilirubin
What is it called when you have too much creatinine and other waste products in your blood?
Azotemia
Which part of the nephron is responsible for most reabsorption?
Proximal convoluted tubule
How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect urine volume and concentration?
Decreases urine volume and increases concentration by promoting water reabsorption
what is the process of forming urine called?
diuresis
where in the kidney does blood filtration begin?
glomerulus
the urinary bladder has two parts, what are they?
muscular sac and neck
What side of the hilus is indented?
Left side
The build up of creatinine is called?
azotemia
What is the most non sterile method of obtaining urine called?
The free catch method
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
Nephrons
Name the two limbs of the loop of Henle.
Descending limb and ascending limb
What triggers the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney?
Low blood pressure, low sodium, or sympathetic nervous stimulation
name one of the processes in which the kidney maintains homeostasis?
blood filtration, reabsorption and secretion, fluid balance regulation, acid - base balance regulation, hormone production, and blood pressure regulation
what term is used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus?
glomerular filtration rate
what is the purpose of the bladder?
to store urine as it is produced and periodically release it
A key anatomical landmark on the medial border of the kidney where vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit the?
What are the 3 tests that show kidney damage? Creatinine, BUN, SDMA
Creatinine, BUN, SDMA
______ is a reflection of the concentration of urine?
Specific gravity
The _____________ is located in the cortex of the kidney and is made up of capsular space, Bowman’s capsule, and glomerulus
Renal corpuscle
What is the function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
Reabsorption of water
How do the kidneys respond to low blood volume or dehydration?
Release renin and ADH to conserve water and increase blood pressure
which kidney rests more cranially in domestic animals?
the right kidney.
the process of moving important material back into the body via blood?
reabsorption
what are the muscles called that expel urine?
detrusor muscles
What is the middle of the kidney called?
Renal medulla
What lack of hormone causes diabetes?
ADH
What device do you use to measure the concentration of urine?
refractometer
What do we call no urine output?
Anuria
What structure connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct?
Connecting tubule (or simply the DCT empties directly into the collecting duct system)
What is the effect of increased blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
GFR increases
in what animal do the kidneys sit evenly with each other?
pigs
where does the glomerular filtrate move to from the capsular space?
proximal convoluted tubule
what are other terms for urination?
micturition and uresis
Where is the Renal corpuscle located?
Renal Cortex
Which hormone increases reabsorption of sodium in the blood stream?
aldosterone
What is the concentrate at the bottom of the test tube after using centrifuge?
Sediment
What do we call it when the body has excess water and more urine is formed?
Diuresis
What process occurs in the glomerulus to initiate urine formation?
Filtration
How do the kidneys help regulate blood osmolarity?
By adjusting water reabsorption based on ADH secretion
the kidneys are located between the peritoneum and the dorsal abdominal muscles, what is that area called?
retroperitoneal.
what is the glomerular filtrate called when it enters the PCT?
tubular filtrate
how does the body know when the bladder is full?
stretch receptors
What is the Cup-shaped structures that collect urine before it passes to the renal pelvis is?
Calyx
What is the vessel called where the blood enter the glomerulus?
Afferent arteriole
What is the normal color of urine?
Light yellow to amber
What is the inner portion around the renal pelvis?
Renal medulla
Which part of the nephron reabsorbs glucose and amino acids?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in kidney function and blood pressure regulation?
Reduces blood pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion
what animal has a heart shaped right kidney?
horse
what are some things reabsorbed in the kidney?
sodium, potassium, chloride
what is the function of the urethra?
carry urine from the bladder to the external environment
What shape is the renal pelvis?
Funnel shaped
How does the kidneys get rid of nutrients it dont need?
urinate
If they have diabetes mellitus what would the urine taste like?
sweet
What is the term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in nephron function?
Increases water permeability of the collecting ducts to retain water
How does urine concentration change in dry environments, and what role do the kidneys play?
Urine becomes more concentrated; kidneys conserve water through increased ADH action and longer loops of Henle
which animal has kidneys that appear cluster like or lumpy?
cattle
how is sodium transferred back into the blood stream?
carrier proteins
in females, the urethra has a strictly urinary function, in males, what else does it do?
transfer spermatozoa and seminal fluid
Which kidney is more cranial than left?
Right
Whats the renal threshold of glucose for dogs?
180mg/dl
What leaves the kidney at the hilus and joins the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava?
Renal vein
What part of the nephron plays a key role in concentrating urine?
Loop of Henle
the kidneys are typically surrounded by what and why?
perirenal fat, to protect from pressure.
how much tubular reabsorption takes place in the PCT?
65%
short and straight
A Layer of what is surrounding the kidneys?
Perirenal fat
What is the goal when treating chronic renal failure? Slow progression of renal failure
Slow progression of renal failure
What are the tubes that exit the kidney and then connect to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
How does the nephron contribute to blood pressure regulation?
Through the RAAS system and by controlling blood volume and ion balance
the kidneys will decrease urine production to reserve water, what is this called?
oliguria
where does reabsorption take place?
PCT, DCT, loop of Henle, and Collecting ducts
how is a male urethra described?
long and curved
What type of tissue is the kidneys?
Connective fibrous tissue
What do the letters CKD stand for? Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease
What do we call an overflow of glucose in the urine?
Glucosuria or glycosuria
What is the function of the collecting duct?
Final concentration of urine; water reabsorption under ADH influence
using a directional term, describe what part of the abdomen the kidney sits.
dorsal
what are some substances eliminated by secretion?
hydrogen, potassium, ammonia
in cats, which gender is more likely to have a blockage of the urethra?
males
What is the main artery and vein in the kidneys?
Renal artery and renal vein
What percent of damaged nephrons can a SDMA test show damage to the kidneys? 50% damaged
50% damaged
What carries blood toward the glomerular capillaries of the renal corpuscle?
Afferent glomerular arterioles
What type of capillaries surround the nephron tubules for exchange of substances?
Peritubular capillaries