Anatomy
They make up the bladder wall
With what structure do we voluntarily control micturition?
External urethral sphincter
What does the body use to buffer a strong acid?
A weak base (such as sodium bicarbonate)
What is the main hormone that acts on the kidney to regulate the sodium ion concentration of extracellular fluid?
Aldosterone
A person is diagnosed with physiological acidosis. Which of the following might her pH be? (There is more than one right answer)
7.0 7.1 7.4 7.5 7.6
7.0 and 7.1
When this opens, one senses the need to relieve oneself.
Internal urethral sphincter
What is micturition?
The release of urine from the bladder.
When one's blood pH drops, what is the order in which the body implements the three homeostatic control mechanisms?
1. bicarbonate buffers
2. respiratory controls
3. renal mechanisms
What is the job of an ACE inhibitor? Give its purpose and describe where it works in the system.
It disrupts the production of Angiotensin II, thereby lowering blood pressure
Into what fluid "compartment" do each of the following fall?
interstitial fluid lymph
plasma vitreous humor
cerebrospinal fluid
Extracellular--they are not found within cells
In which of the urinary tubes does peristalsis occur?
Ureters
Name the sphincters that control micturition, and state whether they voluntary or involuntary.
External urethral sphincter--voluntary
When one's blood pH falls, in what way does the respiratory system respond?
It will increase respiration rate in an attempt to blow off more carbon dioxide.
Renin is released. Use your diagram to determine every hormone that will be produced or released--either directly or indirectly--as a result of renin stimulation.
Aldosterone
ADH (look at the line that leads to the right from Angiotensin II)
Which tube drains urine from the kidney to the bladder?
Ureter
The inferior surface.
Which tube drains urine from the bladder to the body surface?
urethra
When one's blood pH is rising, what will the kidney do to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate?
It will retain hydrogen ions and excrete bicarbonate.
Would oliguria (abnormally low urine output) be a result of high or low blood pressure?
Low
Why do older men often have problems voiding urine?
Their prostate gland is enlarged, and it is restricting the flow of urine through the urethra.
What is the primary site for a kidney stone to become stuck?
In a ureter.
What is the involuntary loss of urinary control called?
incontinence
If one's blood pH is rising, what will the buffer system do?
Use a weak acid to buffer the bases that are increasing.
Describe what falling blood pressure does to each of the following:
blood vessel diameter
peripheral resistance
aldosterone
blood volume
vasoconstriction
increased peripheral resistance
aldosterone stimulation
lowered blood volume
Use your diagram. If the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys are inhibited, describe whether the baroreceptors have been stimulated or inhibited, and whether the filtrate volume is increased or reduced.
Baroreceptors have been stimulated.
Filtrate volume is increased.