Reconstruction & the New South
What was the primary goal of Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson?
To restore the Southern states to the Union relatively quickly.
What belief claimed that American expansion across the continent was justified or destined?
Manifest Destiny.
Which industrialist became famous for building a major steel empire?
Andrew Carnegie.
Name one common problem faced by industrial workers during the Gilded Age.
Long hours, low wages, dangerous workplaces, or limited job security.
What 1876 battle saw Native American forces defeat George Armstrong Custer's cavalry force?
The Battle of Little Bighorn.
What three Reconstruction Amendments abolished slavery, established citizenship and equal protection, and protected Black men's voting rights?
The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
What did the Homestead Act of 1862 offer qualifying settlers?
160 Acres of Land
What business strategy involves controlling multiple stages of production, from raw materials to distribution?
Vertical integration.
Which group argued that the federal government should address economic inequalities and the power of railroads and banks?
The Populists.
What was the significance of the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869?
It connected eastern and western railroad networks, facilitating faster cross-country transportation.
What were Black Codes designed to do?
Restrict African Americans' freedom and maintain white control over Southern labor.
How did the transcontinental railroad change the American West?
It connected eastern and western markets, encouraged settlement, and accelerated resource extraction.
Which business strategy did John D. Rockefeller use to combine businesses in the same industry?
Horizontal integration.
Why did many Great Plains farmers struggle financially in the late nineteenth century?
High transportation and debt costs, falling crop prices, and unpredictable weather.
What 1890 event is associated with the violent suppression of a Lakota community during the campaign against the Ghost Dance movement?
The Battle of Wounded Knee.
What was sharecropping, and why did it often trap farmers in poverty?
Farmers exchanged a portion of their crops for land and supplies, often accumulating debt.
What was the main purpose of the Dawes Act of 1887?
To divide much tribal land into individual allotments in an effort to assimilate Native Americans into white American society.
What did Social Darwinism generally claim about economic competition?
It claimed that the strongest individuals or businesses supposedly prevailed in economic competition.
What was the Freedmen's Bureau established to provide?
Education, labor assistance, and relief for formerly enslaved people and other displaced Southerners.
What did the 1890 census announcement about the frontier suggest?
There was no longer a continuous frontier of unsettled territory, prompting debate about American expansion and identity.
What political settlement helped bring Reconstruction to an end in 1877?
The settlement surrounding the disputed election of 1876, followed by the withdrawal of remaining federal troops from the South.
"The Great Betrayal"
Identify two major consequences of westward expansion for Native American peoples
Land dispossession, forced relocation, cultural disruption, destruction of buffalo herds, reservation confinement, military conflict, or resistance.
Name two factors that contributed to rapid American industrial growth in the late nineteenth century.
Natural resources, technological innovation, investment capital, and an expanding labor force.
How did racial violence, discriminatory laws, and declining federal enforcement limit Reconstruction's achievements?
They weakened constitutional protections in practice and restricted African Americans' political participation, civil rights, and economic independence.
What did the New South movement promote, and what major inequalities remained?
Racial Segregation, Economic Inequality - "Jim Crow " Laws