Native Societies & Early Encounters
What were the 3 Motivations for Exploration and Conquest of the Americas (Hint: 3 Gs).
Gold, God, Glory
The deadly ocean journey enslaved Africans were forced to endure.
What is the Middle Passage?
A name for a settlement controlled by another country.
Colony
What do we call crops grown primarily to be sold for profit rather than mainly for people to eat? Give one example as well.
Cash Crops (Tobacco, Indigo, Sugar, Rice, Wheat, Corn)
What is the process of establishing control over another territory and its people?
Colonization.
What exchange brought crops, HORSES, diseases, and people between the Old World and the New World?
The Colombian Exchange
These voyages connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas and reshaped world trade.
The transatlantic slave trade or triangular trade.
What did the Mayflower Compact of 1620 establish?
A form of self-government in Plymouth Colony.
What were 2 reasons the English colonies shifted toward enslaved labor?
The demand for labor increased for cash crops, and servants/Native laborers were limited.
Which explorer reached the Americas in 1492 while searching for a western route to Asia?
Christopher Columbus
What term describes the process of changing a person’s religious beliefs, often to Christianity during European colonization?
Religious Conversion.
Which colonial region was known for its rocky soil, cold climate, shipbuilding, fishing, and town-based communities?
New England Colonies.
What was the name of the colonial government body that was elected by colonists and helped create laws?
Colonial Assembly.
What system of agriculture involved large farms that produced crops for sale, often relying on a large labor force?
Plantation system.
Which Spanish priest criticized the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples and argued that they should not be enslaved?
Bartolomé de las Casas
What was one major cause of conflict between British colonists and Indigenous peoples?
Competition over land, resources, or political control
Which colonial region was known for fertile farmland, diverse populations, and growing grain crops such as wheat?
Middle Colonies.
In colonial government, which official represented the executive power by enforcing laws and connecting the colonies to the British Monarchy.
The Governor.
What economic system allowed the mother country’s government to control colonial trade and exports so that colonies supplied resources and benefited the mother country?
Mercantilism.
Which Spanish scholar argued that Indigenous peoples could be conquered because he considered them naturally inferior?
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
What was the Spanish system that forced Native Americans to work for colonists in exchange for “protection.”
The encomienda system
Which colonial region developed a plantation economy and modeled their labor system after the Carribean?
Southern Colonies.
In many colonies, which group helped carry out judicial duties by hearing court cases and serving as a high court?
The Council.
What system of slavery treated enslaved Africans as property and made their enslaved status permanent and hereditary?
Chattel slavery.
This former enslaved African wrote about the horrors of slavery in his autobiography.
Who is Olaudah Equiano?