That happened in...
Your grandparents (or maybe even parents) might remember this landmark Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia which finally allowed for interracial marriage to occur in this decade.
What is the 1960 (1967)?
“Under our Constitution,” wrote Chief Justice Earl Warren, “the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State.”
In 1854, the People v. Hall Supreme Court Case ruled that these people were not allowed to testify in court.
Who are the Chinese, African Americans, and Native Americans?
Prior to 2018 Texas schools taught that these issues were the main cause of the civil war.
What is states’ rights and sectionalism? Falling in line with a common narrative trend to sanitize U.S. history, prior to 2018 Texas did not teach that Slavery was the main cause of the civil war. Many Confederate memorials across the country today still portray slaves as dutiful and loyal to their master.
At the time, these people were a large immigrant group, who were opposed and considered "not white" because they did not speak English or practice the English religion. Benjamin Franklin, even went so far as to call these people "palantine boor" and stated in a letter that they could "no more adopt our ways than they can adopt our complexion."
Who are the German people in Pennsylvania?
In these years (or this decade), the FBI rounded-up 1,291 Japanese community and religious leaders, arresting them without evidence and freezing their assets. Concurrently, the FBI searched the private homes of thousands of Japanese residents on the West Coast.
In Portland, Oregon, 3,000 people stayed in the livestock pavilion of the Pacific International Livestock Exposition Facilities.
The Santa Anita Assembly Center, just several miles northeast of Los Angeles, was a de-facto city with 18,000 interred, 8,500 of whom lived in stables. Food shortages and substandard sanitation were prevalent in these facilities.
What is 1941-1945 (1940s)? From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent would be interred in isolated camps. Enacted in reaction to Pearl Harbor and the ensuing war, the Japanese internment camps are now considered one of the most atrocious violations of American civil rights in the 20th century. https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation
What is a certificate of residence ? This was a part of the Geary Act, which went into effect on May 5, 1892. It reinforced and extended the Chinese Exclusion Act’s ban on Chinese immigration for an additional ten years.
Adolf Hilter and other Nazis praised this country stating "That [their immigration lawsit] feels itself to be a Nordic-German…is also revealed by the apportionment of immigration quotas among the European [peoples]. Scandinavians, then Englishmen and finally Germans have been accorded the largest contingent. Latins and Slavs receive very little, and the Japanese and Chinese are groups that [this group] would prefer to exclude entirely. "
What is America? While talking about many aspects of America, Hitler specifically praised the the 1924 Immigration Act. An immigration act that assigned quotas for immigrants coming into the U.S. A law he wanted to use as a model for the removal of people from Germany.
In 1790, the Naturalization Act helped to enforce a hierarchy of whiteness placing citizens from these countries at the top of the list for preferential immigration treatment.
Who are the Nordic citizens? “Nordic was purest,” Moya said. “Eastern and Southern Europeans were ‘undermining the purity’ of the American stock.”
In this year or decade, following the U.S.-Dakota War, 38 members of the Dakota tribe were hanged in Mankato Minnesota, making this the largest mass execution in US history.
In 1909, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, police arrested over 200 Black men for this charge, resulting in those men being consigned to forced labor.
What is unemployment?
Without any evidence or particular suspects, the police indiscriminately raided every Black home in the neighborhood, arresting every Black man they could find who could not provide proof of employment. These men had not committed any crime; they were simply unemployed, as were many white people in the city as well. Due to their race, however, these Black men’s unemployment led to arrest, vagrancy charges, and forced labor in the city workhouse.
In 2015 a survey found that 48% percent of black and Latina women scientists still report being mistaken for this group of workers while in the office.
What is custodial or administrative staff?
This system, still used today, was designed so that Native Americans "would literally breed themselves out and rid the federal government of their legal duties to uphold treaty obligations." In essence, it was designed that so over time and marriage, Native Americans would become "White" and no longer Native.
What is the blood quantum system? A system that quantifies the amount of Native American Blood you have.
In this year or decade, Colin Powell becomes secretary of staff. The first african American to hold that position.
While "no taxation without representation" might have been a calling cry of the U.S. revolution, today we seem to be more okay with it as evidenced by the fact that residents of these places do not have congressional representation nor the right to vote for president, despite paying U.S. taxes.
This practice, which bared people of color from buying houses in well off neighborhoods, was written using phrases like “Premises shall not be sold, mortgaged, or leased to or occupied by any person or persons other than members of the Caucasian race.” or “shall not at any time be conveyed, mortgaged or leased to any person or persons of Chinese, Japanese, Moorish, Turkish, Negro, Mongolian or African blood or descent.” While unenforceable, those phrases remain on house deeds to this day.
What is racial covenants?
While racial covenants were deemed unenforceable in 1948 and in Minnesota in 1953 it was made illegal to put one on a deed. Many were never formally removed.
According to laws in the early 20th century this much "blood" was required to be black. This rule was expanded by Colonel Karl Bendetsen in WWII to the Japanese. Stating that "any with [this amount] of Japanese blood was liable for forced internment in camps".
What is one drop?
Both before and after the American Civil War, many people of mixed ancestry who "looked white" and were of mostly white ancestry were legally absorbed into the white majority, allowing for certain privileges denied to others.
Initially one-drop laws were opposed because as
a person wrote to the Charlottesville newspaper:
"[If a one-drop rule were adopted], I doubt not, if many who are reputed to be white, and are in fact so, do not in a very short time find themselves instead of being elevated, reduced by the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction, to the level of a free negro."
However, as memory faded of which families had a past of interracial relationships. One-drop rules were implemented to deny rights.
Harvard professor and renowned scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr, a black man, was arrested on suspicion of breaking and entering his own home in this decade or year.
In 2018, North Dakota passed a law that prevents Native Americans without this from voting?
What is a residential address? While on the surface this may seem unproblematic, "Opponents say the law is intended to disenfranchise Native American voters who historically have used post office boxes as addresses. "
-https://apnews.com/article/4b0aacb4768b4989861bc311bee796c7
As of 1/8/2021, only the District of Columbia, Main, and Vermont guarantee this right to felons. This and the high level of racial disparity in incarnation, have lead many to state that this is the "new Jim Crow".
What is the right to vote? In the U.S. we like to state every citizen has the right to vote. However, that isn't entirely the case.
-https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/felon-voting-rights.aspx
In 2020, a Washington School District included this group of people in with white students, apparently to boost the growth rate of underperforming groups.
What is Asian?
In other words, they basically thought that Asian students performed too well to be considered "students of color" because they perceive "students of color" to experience "opportunity gaps." -Distractify