Row 1
What was the primary motivation behind Europeans' exploration of the world in the 1400s?
Asian spices
After defeating the Aztecs and the Incas, the Spaniards began to establish their huge empire. What name did they give it?
New Spain
What did Columbus call the island he found, which translates to "Holy Savior"?
San Salvador
In 1508, an explorer arrived on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. In 1511, he had conquered the island for Spain and established the city of San Juan. What is his name?
Juan Ponce de León
What is the name of Erik the Red's son who inherited his father's passion for exploration?
Leif Eriksson
In 1528, which explorer accompanied conquistador Pánfilo de Narváez on his trip to North America? Their 300-man troop initially landed on Florida's shore.
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
In addition to the island of Newfoundland, the Vikings sailed south to what is today known as?
New England
Who suggested the Spanish should attempt to convert Native Americans to Christianity by demonstrating compassion, gentleness, and kindness?
Bartolomé de Las Casas
What was the name of the people Columbus met when he visited another island he named Hispaniola following his initial discovery?
Taino
What was the name given to reformers who opposed some of the Catholic Church's practices?
Protestants
Who sent an expedition that landed in modern-day Virginia and North Carolina, designating the entire region Virginia in 1584?
Walter Raleigh
When did Columbus go on his voyage to discover a new world with his crew of roughly ninety sailors?
August 3, 1492
What was the name of the conquistador who heard about Inca settlements in South America's Andes? He had conquered the whole Inca Empire by 1534.
Francisco Pizarro
In which year did Amerigo Vespucci, an explorer who was certain that the area Christopher Columbus had reached was not Asia, lead a Spanish fleet on an expedition?
1501
Who followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the Mississippi Valley for France's King Louis XIV and named the territory Louisiana in his honor?
René-Robert de La Salle
The Portuguese improved shipbuilding by creating lighter, smaller, and more maneuverable vessels than the bulky galleons they had previously employed. Unlike conventional square sails, these innovative ships were able to sail against the wind because to their triangular sails. What is the name of that type of ship?
Caravels
Who established the Church of England, or the Anglican Church, by declaring himself head of the church, disputing the pope's authority, and infuriating Catholics?
King Henry VIII
What was the name of the seaside region where Eriksson settled, but the Vikings left after just a few years?
Vinland
What is the name of a religious movement that originated in small German villages but swiftly grew throughout Europe, becoming involved in numerous political disputes?
Protestant Reformation
What was the name of the Italian sailor from Genoa who believed he could sail west over the Atlantic Ocean to Asia?
Christopher Columbus
What was the name of the instrument that allowed navigators to determine the location of their ship by mapping out the positions of the stars?
Astrolabe
What were the Spanish settlers known as?
Peninsulares
What was the name of the new ship design that the Vikings, who were expert sailors, created that curled up at both ends?
Longship
In 1528, explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca joined an expedition to North America with 300 men, arriving on the Florida coast. What is the name of the Conquistador he accompanied?
Pánfilo de Narváez
What is the name given to the place where Bartolomeu Dias ships were blown off course by a storm around the African tip?
the Cape of Good Hope
What term describes people's natural defense against disease?
Immune
What is the name of the Portuguese navigator who sailed along the east coast of South America with a Spanish fleet?
Ferdinand Magellan
What was the name of the Spanish author who reported in 1548 on the destruction of Hispaniola's Native Americans?
Fernández de Oviedo
What provided settlers the authority to tax or force local Native Americans to work, in exchange for which these settlers were expected to protect and convert Native Americans to Christianity?
Encomienda System
What was the name given to large farms that only farmed one type of crop?
Plantations
Who set out in 1673 to find an enormous river, the Mississippi, and journey down it all the way to present-day Arkansas?
Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette
Among the significant outcomes of Portugal's explorations would be the beginning of what?
Atlantic slave trade
What is the name of the Spanish priest who proposed using enslaved Africans as workers?
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Who spoke Portuguese to Vasco da Gama's crew, surprising them?
Muslims
What is the estimated death rate among Africans during the Middle Passage?
One out of every Six individuals
Christopher Columbus requested funding for an Atlantic voyage from whom?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
What was a key component of the colonial economic structure?
Plantation Agriculture
Where was the storm that swept the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias' ships around in 1488 as he conducted an expedition southward down the African coast?
Southern tip of Africa
What organization was established in 1524 to administer the Americas from Spain?
Council of the Indies
What is the name of a massive fleet of warships designed to put an end to English plans, consisting of approximately 130 ships and 27,000 sailors and soldiers?
Spanish Armada
What is the name of the treaty that the leaders of Portugal and Spain signed to move the Line west in order to prevent war?
Treaty of Tordesillas
In what year did the Spanish government approve the sale of slaves in its colonies?
1510
What was the name of the imaginary Atlantic Ocean divide that granted Spain all territory west of it?
Line of Demarcation
What was the name given to a machine that printed copies using movable type?
The Printing Press
After the treaty was signed, how many miles did the Line of Demarcation move westward?
800
How many enslaved Africans were sent to the colonies of New Spain?
2 million
When was the Pacific Ocean discovered?
1513
Between the 1520s and the 1860s, over 12 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic as slaves. How many survived the voyage and made it to the Americas?
10 million
What is the name of Moctezuma's capital, which was erected in the middle of Lake Texcoco near the current location of Mexico City?
Tenochtitlán
When Columbus arrived in North America, how many Native Americans lived north of Mexico?
10 million
What was the primary religion of enslaved Africans, incorporating traditional features from African religions?
Christian
Who had heard from the local Native Americans that there was another ocean farther west and was resolved to find it?
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
The vast majority of enslaved people were apprehended in Africa's interior, often by Africans who profited from selling slaves to Europeans. The prisoners were shackled around their necks and marched to the coast. How lengthy was the ship's journey in the transatlantic slave trade?
1,000 miles
When you travel throughout the entire world, what term is used?
Circumnavigate
Who purchased Manhattan Island from local Native Americans for approximately $24 and established the settlement of New Amsterdam, which is today known as New York City?
Peter Minuit
Who was sent on an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope by King Manuel of Portugal?
Vasco da Gama
What was a common form of religious expression among slaves? Slaves utilized songs and folktales to express their feelings of sadness, hope, misery, and joy.
Spirituals
What is the name of the French sailor who led France's next big exploration of North America, making two trips to what is now Canada, sailing into the Saint Lawrence River and traveling all the way to present-day Montreal, claiming the regions discovered for France?
Jacques Cartier
How many years after slavery was permitted did the first full cargo ship of Africans arrive in the Americas?
Eight
Who publicly challenged the Roman Catholic Church, alleging that it was excessively wealthy and abused its power?
Martin Luther
To travel around the world, how many miles did Ferdinand Magellan and his company sail?
40,000
Spanish soldiers who led military campaigns in the Americas were known as what?
Conquistadors
Who emerged victorious in Europe's competition for a sea route to Asia?
Portugal
What provided a safe haven—a location not entirely under the slaveholders' control?
Families
In which year did Bartolomeu Dias lead a Portuguese voyage down the African coast?
1488
What network of roadways stretched hundreds of miles from Mexico City to Santa Fe?
El Camino Real
Who captained a Spanish fleet that sailed to the modern-day South American coast?
Amerigo Vespucci
The slave trade resulted in Africans being shipped all across the New World. What was it known as?
African Diaspora
Who played a significant part in the Spanish interactions with Native Americans?
The Catholic Church
Which English captain did the Dutch hire to discover the Northwest Passage?
Henry Hudson
What was the name of the Indian woman who helped Cortés get allies?
Malintzin
Which year did Da Gama depart from Lisbon, Portugal, and arrive in southwest India the following year?
1497
What was a second refuge for slaves?
Religion
When did Ferdinand Magellan and his crew set sail?
1519
How many Africans were enslaved in British and French territory in the Caribbean and Latin America?
3 million
Who was in charge of an expedition that traveled south down the African coast from Portugal? His ships were blown around the southern edge of Africa by a storm. The Cape of Good Hope is the name given to this location.
Bartolomeu Dias
How many enslaved Africans were sent to Brazil?
4 million
Which Europeans were the first to arrive in North America?
Vikings
Who resettled Roanoke in 1587 with his 150 colonists? His granddaughter, Virginia Dare, was the first English colonist born in North America.
John White
What is the name of an Italian sailor who volunteered to pay for his own expedition if the king of England granted him a royal charter to whatever territories he discovered?
John Cabot
When did Christopher Columbus's mission to the New World find land?
October 12, 1492
Who ruled the Aztec Empire, which was at its peak power in the early 1500s?
Moctezuma II
After only a few years, the Vikings left the coastal region which Eriksson had established because they were regularly attacked by people who were a continual threat; who was that threat?
Native Americans
What is the name of a Moroccan-born slave who served as a guide for an upcoming voyage to the Southwest before being slain by Native Americans in 1539?
Estevanico
What is the name of the Indian port where Vasco da Gama and his troops were greeted by Muslim traders?
Calicut
How many Africans were enslaved in Britain's North American colonies, which eventually became the United States?
600,000
Animals and plants were brought to the Americas by European immigrants and explorers. Additionally, they returned to Europe, Asia, and Africa with a wide diversity of new flora and animals. What was the name given to this?
Columbian Exchange
What was the name given to the transatlantic voyage that enslaved Africans were compelled to endure?
Middle Passage
Who made the decision to draw a new border between Spain and Portugal in 1493?
Pope Alexander VI
Royal officials granted a individual permission to explore the Gulf of Mexico shoreline. In 1539, his voyage landed in what is now Tampa Bay, Florida. What was the name of the explorer who traveled through Florida?
Hernando de Soto
What was the name of a water route that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in North America?
Northwest Passage
The ships that Columbus and his men sailed aboard were named what?
The Niña and the Pinta, and the Santa María
What is the name of an Italian captain who sailed from North Carolina to Maine in search of a Northwest Passage?
Giovanni da Verrazano
Who went out to explore the North American Southwest with the goal of discovering the legendary Seven Cities of Gold that were said to exist there? His voyage traveled into present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where some of his troops discovered the Grand Canyon.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
What do you call a document that grants an individual permission to establish a colony?
Charter
French Protestants eventually came to the Americas in quest of religious freedom; what were they known as?
Huguenots
Who utilized Spain's vast money to lead a Catholic Reformation against the Protestant movement, with the goal of driving them out of England?
King Philip II
Who was New Netherland's governor when it conquered New Sweden in 1655? He allowed the Swedes to keep their colony, which he dubbed the "Swedish Nation."
Peter Stuyvesant
What was the name of the Conquistador who traveled from Cuba to modern-day Mexico in 1519 after hearing about a prosperous land to the west?
Hernán Cortés
Portugal rose to prominence in world travel in the early 1400s, and one individual in particular was in charge of inventions that would increase the success of exploration. What's his name?
Prince Henry the Navigator