Section 1
a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship’s location by charting the position of the stars
Astrolabe
Where did the Vikings sail far south to the island of Newfoundland, and perhaps to what is now what?
New England
Who posed a constant threat to Vikings in the coastal area that they called Vinland?
Native Americans
The point that Bartolomeu Dias and his men landed at after a storm blew his ships around the southern tip of Africa
the Cape of Good Hope
When did Columbus’s three ships set sail?
August 3, 1492
Who issued a decree that drew a new boundary for Spain and Portugal?
Pope Alexander VI
When did Columbus and his crew's long journey from Canary Islands end?
October 12, 1492
A sailor from Genoa, Italy was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean.
Christopher Columbus
An explorer, sent by King Manuel of Portugal, led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope. This explorer left Lisbon, Portugal, in July 1497 and arrived in southwestern India the next year. He helped Portugal win the European race for a sea route to Asia.
Vasco da Gama
What was one of the reasons Europeans wanted to explore and trade with Asia?
Asian spices
When did Vasco da Gama leave Libson, Portugal and set out to sail to Asia?
1497
Who were the first Europeans to make contact with North America that were skilled sailors and that also came from Scandinavia, a peninsula that includes the present-day countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden?
Vikings
How many miles did it take for Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to circumnavigate?
40,000
What did Portugal and Spain sign that moved the Line of Demarcation 800 miles further west? This gave Portugal more opportunity to claim lands unexplored by other Europeans.
Treaty of Tordesillas
When did Ferdinand Magellan set out to sail east down the coast of South America?
1519
A group of Native Americans from the island Columbus had called Hispaniola. They lived in small farming communities and were described by Columbus as, “so generous . . . that no one would believe it who has not seen it.”
Taino
a new style of ship that curved up at both ends that was developed by Vikings who were skilled sailors
Longship
This devastated African communities. It led to increased warfare among kingdoms and broke up many families. It happened when the Portuguese sent many enslaved Africans to Europe and to islands in the Atlantic, where they lived and worked under brutal conditions.
Atlantic slave trade
Who was responsible for advances that would make exploration more successful? This man never set out on a voyage himself, but he greatly advanced Portugal’s exploration efforts. In the early 1400s this man built an observatory and founded a school of navigation to teach better methods of sailing. He also financed research by mapmakers and shipbuilders. Finally, he paid for expeditions to explore the west coast of Africa.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Which country in the 1400s became a leader in world exploration?
Portugal
When did explorer Amerigo Vespucci (vuh-spoo-chee) lead a Spanish fleet to the coast of present-day South America?
1501
Who did Columbus ask to pay for an expedition across the Atlantic?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
How many miles farther west did the Treaty of Tordesillas move the Line of Demarcation?
800
The transfer where European explorers and settlers took plants and animals with them to the Americas. They also brought back a variety of new plants and animals to Europe, Asia, and Africa. This transfer dramatically changed the world.
Columbian Exchange
The Indian port where da Gama and his men first reached India and met Muslim and Indian merchants
Calicut
the son of Erik the Red, this viking shared his father’s love of adventure. In the year 1000, he was sailing from west Norway to Greenland when strong winds blew his ship off course and carried his ship all the way to the North American coast.
Leif Eriksson
Who met Vasco da Gama and his men in the Indian port of Calicut, and surprised the sailors by speaking to them in Portuguese?
Muslims
When did the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias lead an expedition from Portugal southward along the African coast? A storm blew his ships around the southern tip of Africa. This point became known as the Cape of Good Hope.
1488
Which Portuguese navigator set out with a Spanish fleet to sail down the east coast of South America? He continued into the Pacific even though his ships were dangerously low on food and fresh water, and in the Philippines, Magellan was killed in a battle with native peoples.
Ferdinand Magellan
In 1501 this explorer led a Spanish fleet to the coast of present-day South America. He was convinced the land he reached was not Asia. Instead, he believed he had found a “new world.” A German mapmaker labeled the continents across the ocean America in honor of this explorer.
Amerigo Vespucci
What were Columbus' ships called?
The Niña and the Pinta, and the Santa María
When did Vasco Nunez de Balboa finally see the Pacific Ocean after weeks of struggling through thick jungles and deadly swamps?
1513
In 1488 this Portuguese navigator led an expedition from Portugal southward along the African coast. A storm blew his ships around the southern tip of Africa. This point became known as the Cape of Good Hope.
Bartolomeu Dias
Where is the Cape of Good Hope located?
Southern tip of Africa
Ships built by the Portuguese that were smaller, lighter, and easier to steer than the heavy galleons they had used before. These new ships used triangular sails that, unlike traditional square sails, allowed ships to sail against the wind.
Caravels
A coastal area that Eriksson settled in, but later left due to the constant threat of Native American Attacks
Vinland
An island in the Bahamas that Columbus thought was Asia and gave it a name that translates to "Holy Savior"
San Salvador
To travel all the way around the globe
Circumnavigate
In a Spanish settlement in present-day Panama, another explorer, heard stories from local Native Americans about another ocean farther west. This explorer set out to find it. For weeks he and his men struggled through thick jungle and deadly swamps. In 1513 they reached the top of a mountain. From this spot this explorer saw a great blue sea—the Pacific Ocean—stretching out before him.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
The imaginary line that Pope Alexander IV created to solve the conflict between Portugal and Spain that divided the Atlantic Ocean so that Spain could claim all territory west of it.
Line of Demarcation