Reform & Movements
This movement began by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted aimed to make cities more beautiful through parks, boulevards, and wider suburbs.
What is the City Beautiful movement?
This political machine dominated New York City politics under boss William Tweed.
What is Tammany Hall?
John Dewey’s belief that education should teach students to uncover truth through inquiry and institutions.
What is instrumentalism?
Republican candidates used this strategy to remind voters of Democratic secession during the Civil War.
What is the bloody shirt campaign?
This organization of farmers was founded in 1867 and grew to over 1.5 million members in under a decade.
What is the Grange?
This progressive reform movement, largely led by women, created services like childcare and free healthcare for the working poor.
What is the settlement house movement?
Payment given to city bosses in exchange for political favors.
What is graft?
This doctrine by William James stated that truth should be discovered through experiment and not accepted on faith.
What is pragmatism?
Republicans who supported civil service reform but were considered only partly loyal to their party.
Who are the Half-Breeds?
This economic period (1870s–1900) was marked by wealth, corruption, and materialism.
What is the Gilded Age?
This religious movement argued that Christians should be as concerned with social conditions as with spiritual life.
What is the Social Gospel?
The system by which local aldermen delivered services to neighborhoods in exchange for votes.
What is machine politics?
A collection of theories seeking to understand societal changes in the late 1800s.
What is realism?
A faction of Republicans who broke with their party due to corruption in the presidential race.
Who are the Mugwumps?
A plan allowing farmers to store crops in government warehouses and receive loans worth 80% of their value.
What is the subtreasury plan?
The mass relocation of African Americans from the South to Northern and Midwestern cities after the Civil War.
What is the Great Migration?
A protest movement in 1894 that marched on Washington demanding jobs for the unemployed.
What is Coxey’s Army?
The belief that the laws of nature were the only relevant laws governing humanity.
What is naturalism?
Supporters of Roscoe Conkling who defended the patronage system.
Who are the Stalwarts?
This item was used symbolically in political rhetoric to emphasize sacrifices of Union soldiers.
What is the “bloody shirt”?
This national organization united regional farmer alliances in the 1890s to fight for farmers’ political interests.
What is the Farmers’ Alliance?
A directory of wealthy American families, first published by Louis Keller in 1886.
What is the Social Register?
The philosophy that political appointments should be based on merit rather than favoritism.
What is civil service reform?
A political movement beginning in 1890 that sought to represent the rights of farmers and workers.
What is the Populist Party?
These rival Republican factions battled over patronage and reform in the late 1800s.
Who are the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds?