amendments
13th
(1865) slavery and involuntary servitude abolished; except for punishment of crime
Henry Ford
Early 1900s inventor of affordable cars, particularly the Model T; innovator of the assembly line
Theodore Roosevelt
Earned fame with Rough Riders Regiment in Spanish-American War; became 26th president upon the assassination of William McKinley; led country in progressive reform and toward robust foreign policy
Lynching
extralegal mod killing of (usually) Black people in the American (mostly) South; often involved hanging, mutilation, and/or torture; not technically legal, but allowed or sanctioned by law enforcement
HBCU
Historically Black Colleges and University
14th
(1868) naturalization of citizens (born here = citizen); equal protection for all
Muckrakers
Progressive era investigative journalists & photojournalists who sought to expose injustices of their era
Charles Darwin
naturalist and biology; published On the Origin of Species in 1859 in which he popularized the theory of evolution and natural selection
Progressive Era
The period of industrial business expansion and progressive social reform from c. 1900-1920s
Populist Party
aka People's Party; activist political party which gained significant support in the 1890s-early 1900s; supported the interests of farmers and (later) laborers to resist the power and abuses of growing corporations
15th
(1870) right to vote cannot be denied based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
Thomas Edison
Inventor; most famous for inventing the lightbulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
author, activist, and feminist; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"
Realism
an artistic and literary movement of the late 1800s that focused on depicting real, ordinary life and normal, laboring people (rejecting Romanticism)
Yellow Journalism
sensationalized journalism that used flashy headlines and biased commentary to attract readers; often presented stories as objective truth
16th
(1913) congress has the power to collect income tax
Alexander Graham Bell
First patented the telephone and co-founded American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)
George Custer
General in the American West during the settling of the frontier; his famous 'last stand' was a defeat by the native tribes of the Montana Territory in the 1876 battle of Little Bighorn
Social Gospel
Christian activism movement; used Christian ethics to promote social reform; some adherents prioritized social reform over the Gospel
Dispensationalism
theology that God works in different ‘dispensations’ throughout history; includes belief in a tribulation and premillennial rapture;
originated in 1830s with British clergyman John Nelson Darby; popularized in America by D. L. Moody and Scofield Reference Bible
17th
(1913) senators elected by popular vote of citizens in each state
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
One of the deadliest industrial disasters in US history; this 1911 fire in NYC factory killed 146 workers
Sitting Bull
Visionary leader of the Lakota and among the victors at the battle of Little Bighorn; killed by US forces during an attempted arrest for alleged participation in the Ghost Dance Movement
Little Bighorn
Famous 1876 battle between Native Americans (Lakota, Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho) and US forces pushing West; Native Americans defeated the troops
Wounded Knee
1890 massacre of ~300 Lakota Ghost Dancers at the hands of US army; the culmination of US efforts to repress native populations in the west