Cell Theory more Organelles
The three main statements of cell theory.
All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
This organelle is known as the “powerhouse of the cell.”
What is the mitochondrion?
Plant cells have this structure outside the plasma membrane that animal cells do not.
What is the cell wall?
The two main reactants of photosynthesis.
What are water and carbon dioxide?
Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, powering ATP and NADPH production, which fuel glucose synthesis.
What is ATP?
These small structures make proteins.
What are ribosomes?
This organelle packages and ships proteins.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Which type of cell lacks a nucleus?
What is a prokaryotic cell?
The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight.
What is chlorophyll?
Identify the reactants of aerobic respiration.
Glucose and oxygen.
This organelle converts sunlight into chemical energy in plant cells.
What is the chloroplast?
Compare the functions of ribosomes and lysosomes.
Ribosomes make proteins; lysosomes break down waste and old organelles.
Name two structures present in plant cells but not in animal cells.
Chloroplasts and a cell wall (or large central vacuole).
Identify the two main products of photosynthesis.
Oxygen and glucose.
Name one product of anaerobic respiration in humans.
Lactic acid (and ATP).
This organelle digests waste, damaged organelles, and invaders.
What is the lysosome?
Explain how the cell membrane maintains homeostasis.
It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Compare the DNA in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic DNA is circular and free-floating; eukaryotic DNA is linear and in a nucleus.
Explain the role of stomata and guard cells in photosynthesis.
They regulate gas exchange, allowing CO₂ in and O₂ out.
Contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of ATP yield.
Aerobic produces ~36 ATP per glucose; anaerobic produces only 2 ATP.
Compare the roles of the rough ER and smooth ER. Which microscopes cannot view living specimens and why
Rough ER makes proteins (with ribosomes attached), while smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies substances.
Differentiate between passive and active transport with an example of each.
Passive (diffusion, osmosis—no energy); Active (endocytosis, protein pumps—requires energy).
Explain how specialized structures in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are related to function.
Prokaryotes’ simple structure allows rapid reproduction; eukaryotes’ organelles allow compartmentalization and complex functions.
How does light energy drive the process of photosynthesis?
Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, powering ATP and NADPH production, which fuel glucose synthesis.
Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent.
Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in respiration; respiration produces CO₂ and water, which are used in photosynthesis.