The Washington Administration
Who were the members of George Washington's Cabinet?
Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State), Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury), Henry Knox (Secretary of War), and Edmund Randolph (Attorney General).
What financial plan created disagreements between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson and helped lead to the creation of political parties?
Hamilton's financial plan.
What treaty allowed the United States to acquire Florida from Spain?
The Adams-Onís Treaty.
What group pushed for the United States to enter the War of 1812?
The War Hawks.
Who was the Chief Justice responsible for establishing the principle of judicial review
John Marshall.
What document, consisting of the first ten amendments, did the first Congress pass in addition to the Judiciary Act of 1789?
The Bill of Rights.
What was the XYZ Affair?
An attempt by a French minister to demand a bribe from American diplomats.
What term describes the British or French practice of forcing American sailors to serve in their navies?
Impressment.
What treaty officially ended the War of 1812?
The Treaty of Ghent.
What Supreme Court case determined that Congress could regulate interstate commerce on waterways?
Gibbons v. Ogden.
What was the Whiskey Rebellion, and what did Washington do in response?
Farmers rebelled against the federal excise tax on whiskey. Washington used military force to put down the rebellion. He then pardoned the participants.
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts, and what did they allow the federal government to do?
They extended the period required for immigrants to become citizens, allowed the president to deport immigrants considered dangerous, and criminalized publishing lies or scandals related to government officials.
What were the two accomplishments of the Pinckney Treaty?
It opened the port of New Orleans for American trade and settled the boundary of Florida.
Name two reasons the United States entered the War of 1812.
British impressment of American sailors, British seizure of American ships, or British incitement of Native American attacks.
What is judicial review?
The power of the judicial branch to declare laws unconstitutional and determine whether laws are constitutional.
Explain two ways Washington's administration attempted to establish a stable relationship with Native Americans and protect American interests in the Northwest Territory.
Washington desired to honor treaties with Native Americans and pay them for their land. His administration also dealt with Native American resistance in the Northwest Territory, including the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
How did Federalists and Democratic-Republicans disagree over the French Revolution?
Democratic-Republicans supported the French Revolution because France had helped America during its revolution and they feared a return to monarchy and tyranny. Federalists opposed it because they believed the violence threatened morality, religion, order, and property rights. They also believed war with Britain would be foolish because Britain was America's main trading partner.
What prompted Jefferson to use military power against the Barbary States, and what was the result?
The Barbary States demanded tribute payments from American ships. Jefferson used military power to help end these tribute payments.
The Battle of New Orleans occurred after the Treaty of Ghent was signed. What does this reveal about the timing of the war's conclusion?
Although the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, news of the agreement had not yet reached the forces fighting at New Orleans. Therefore, the battle took place after the treaty was signed but before the fighting had completely ended.
What two issues did the Missouri Compromise attempt to resolve?
The balance of power between free and slave states in the Senate and the future expansion of slavery into the western territories.
Hamilton's financial plan
Create a national bank, Assume state debts, create a protective terriff.
How did the Democratic-Republicans' interpretation of the Constitution differ from the Federalists' interpretation, and how did this disagreement contribute to the development of political parties?
Federalists believed Congress had broad authority to fulfill its constitutional duties, while Democratic-Republicans believed powers not specifically given to the federal government belonged to the states. These opposing interpretations created disagreements over the power of the national government and helped lead to the formation of political parties.
Explain how American foreign policy and westward expansion during Jefferson's administration demonstrated the growing importance of the United States as an independent nation.
Jefferson used military power to help end tribute payments to the Barbary States, demonstrating America's willingness to defend its interests overseas. The Louisiana Territory expeditions inspired Americans to expand westward, while the acquisition of additional territory strengthened the nation's opportunities for growth.
The War of 1812 is sometimes considered a turning point in American history. Explain how the war contributed to national pride, economic development, and America's international reputation.
The war created a greater sense of national pride and unity, brought greater international respect to the United States, and spurred American industry and manufacturing. It also brought a long period of freedom from European conflict and influenced the development of political parties.
Evaluate the Missouri Compromise. Explain what the compromise accomplished, why it temporarily eased sectional tensions, and why it ultimately failed to resolve the underlying conflict.
The compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the balance of power in the Senate. It also established a boundary between slave and free states in the rest of the Louisiana Territory. It temporarily eased sectional tensions and helped limit the extension of slavery in the territory. However, it failed to resolve the underlying disagreement over slavery and sectional division, and it allowed slavery to continue expanding into the West.