Westward Expansion
What is Manifest Destiny?
The belief that God wants the American people to expand all the way to the Pacific coast on the North American continent
What are the 2 nicknames for Industrialists?
Captains of Industry and Robber Barons
Who are Muckrakers?
Journalists who exposed awful conditions of industrialization like living conditions, labor laws, meatpacking industry and more.
What are Jim Crow Laws?
These laws, enacted after the Compromise of 1877, enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States, mandating separate public facilities for whites and African Americans.
What is the phrase for the reasons that immigrants move to new countries?
Push and Pull Factors
This 1862 law provided 160 acres of public land to settlers, encouraging westward expansion by requiring them to farm the land for five years to gain ownership.
The Homestead Act
These large business combinations dominated industries by eliminating competition, leading to government actions like the Sherman Antitrust Act to regulate their power.
Monopolies and trusts
The president known as a trust buster, environmentalist and "progressive". Most well known for his "Square Deal"
Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt
What is the 19th Amendment?
All people can vote REGARDLESS OF GENDER !!
These 2 ports, one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast, were the first place immigrants stopped to be processed before they could enter the U.S.
Angel Island and Ellis Island
Completed in 1869, this monumental project connected the eastern and western United States, facilitating westward expansion, trade, and the movement of people.
Transcontinental Railroad
This process, occurring in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, involved the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of jobs and better living conditions.
Urbanization
This author’s 1906 novel exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to public outrage and the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.
Upton Sinclair and his book the Jungle
This landmark 1896 Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine, legitimizing Jim Crow laws in the South.
Plessy V. Ferguson
Enacted in 1882, this federal law prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States, reflecting the growing nativist sentiment and racial discrimination of the era.
Chinese Exclusion Act
These institutions, established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, aimed to assimilate Native American children into European-American culture by removing them from their families and communities.
Native American Boarding Schools
These organizations formed during the industrial era to protect workers’ rights, using tactics like strikes and collective bargaining to improve wages and working conditions.
Labor Unions
Which muckraker took pictures of poverty in NYC and then wrote the book "How the Other Half Lives"?
Jacob Riis
This constitutional amendment, ratified in 1919, prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States.
18th Amendment (Prohibition)
This informal arrangement between the United States and Japan in 1907 aimed to limit Japanese immigration.
Gentlemen's Agreement
This 1887 law aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments, encouraging private land ownership and reducing tribal sovereignty.
the Dawes Act
This theory applied Charles Darwin’s concept of “survival of the fittest” to human societies, justifying the success of the wealthy and powerful while discouraging government intervention in economic inequality.
Social Darwinism
This religious movement, prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasized using Christian ethics to address social issues like poverty, inequality, and labor reform.
Social Gospel
Enacted in 1914, this law strengthened previous antitrust legislation by prohibiting specific business practices that could lead to monopolies and protecting the rights of labor unions and farm organizations by making it legal to strike.
Clayton Antitrust Act
This African American educator and leader advocated for vocational education and economic self-help for Black individuals, believing that gradual progress and self-improvement would lead to social equality.
Booker T. Washington
This policy aimed to integrate Native Americans into mainstream American society by encouraging them to adopt Western customs, education, and land ownership practices, often at the expense of their traditional cultures.
Assimilation
What is the full name of the industrialist from Tennessee?
Cornelius Vanderbilt
This 19th-century movement organized by farmers aimed to combat railroad monopolies and promote agricultural interests through cooperative efforts and political activism.
The Granger Movement
This 1883 law established a merit-based system for federal employment, aimed at reducing corruption by ending the practice of patronage in government hiring.
The Pendleton Act
This nickname refers to Tennessee’s pivotal role in the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, as it was the last state needed to achieve the necessary three-fourths majority for women’s suffrage.
Tennessee and the Perfect 36
This philosophy, promoted by Andrew Carnegie, argued that the wealthy have a responsibility to use their fortunes for the greater good of society through philanthropy.
The Gospel of Wealth
This political movement in the late 19th century sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers against the elite, advocating for reforms such as the direct election of senators and monetary reforms.
Populism
Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment authorized the federal government to impose and collect income taxes, significantly changing the structure of U.S. taxation.
The 16th Amendment
Ratified in 1913, this amendment established the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote, rather than being selected by state legislatures.
Where are "New" immigrants from?
Asia (China and Japan), Mexico, South and Eastern Europe (ex: Italy)
Passed in 1906, this law required federal inspection of meat processing plants and mandated sanitary conditions in order to ensure the safety of meat products sold to consumers.
Meat Inspection Act
This 1913 law created a central banking system in the United States, establishing a network of regional banks to regulate the nation’s money supply and provide financial stability.
Federal Reserve Act
This African American scholar and civil rights leader co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate political, social, and educational equality for Black Americans through activism and higher education.
W.E.B DuBois
Where are "Old" Immigrants from?
North + Western Europe (England, Sweden, Scotland, etc.)
What are the 2 groups that emerged to fight for Women's Suffrage?
NAWSA and NWP
This political process allows citizens to propose and vote on laws directly, bypassing the state legislature, and was a key reform of the Progressive Era.
Intiative
This political agreement ended the disputed 1876 presidential election, resulting in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and effectively marking the end of Reconstruction.
The Compromise of 1877
This social reformer founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889, a settlement house that provided education, healthcare, and other services to immigrants and the poor, becoming a model for social work.
Jane Addams
This political process allows voters to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature, giving citizens direct control over certain legislative decisions.
Referendum
This ideology, prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, favored the interests of native-born Americans over immigrants and was marked by opposition to immigration, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Nativism