Westward Expansion
Which president won the 1844 Presidential election, running as a pro-slavery, pro-expansionist Democrat, on a platform of expanding U.S. territory to Oregon, California (then Mexican territory), and Texas by any means necessary?
James K. Polk (1845 – 1848)
When was the (2nd) Industrial Revolution? Name 4 technological developments from this time.
A time of rapid industrialization, mass production, and urbanization in the late 1800s-early 1900s. Innovations include the electric lightbulb, internal combustion engine, automobile, airplane, and electrical communication technologies like the telegraph, telephone, and radio.
Which two social movements often overlapped during the Civil War and Reconstruction?
The Abolition Movement and Woman's Liberation (or Suffrage) Movement often overlapped.
Which Reconstruction Amendment granted voting rights to all males, regardless of race?
15th Amendment
What is Social Darwinism? When was did this idea become popular?
Gilded Age social philosophy that applied Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest to society (the rich are meant to be rich and poor meant to be poor; early capitalism)
Name 3 specific causes of the Civil War in 1850
-Rising sectional tension between the north and south over the debate on slavery and if it should be allowed in new territories acquired through westward expansion (violence in congress, Bleeding Kansas, Charles Schumer)
-Worsening treatment of African Americans in the south (Uncle Tom's Cabin, FSL, invention of the camera) deepen the divide with Northern Abolitionists
-South Carolina seceded from the Union after the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln
Define and explain the significance of the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
Under the Missouri Compromise, the North and the South compromised over adding Missouri as a slave state, and Maine as a free state. It also drew a line dividing the nation into Northern free states and Southern slave states.
assembly line
Which popular Abolitionist novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe brought the harsh treatment of enslaved people in the south into the national conversation in the early 1850's?
Uncle Tom's Cabin
The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution is called...
The Bill of Rights
What was the Declaration of Sentiments?
The Declaration of Sentiments was written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. It was modeled after the Declaration of Independence and aimed to publicize the way that the civil rights of women were violated in the early 1800s.
Name 2 ways Lincoln expanded Executive (Presidential) power during the Civil War.
During the Civil War Lincoln used his Executive (Presidential) powers to suspend habeas corpus. This prevented detained Americans from challenging their arrest. (Ultimately 13,000 Americans were arrested and held without a trial during the war.) Democrats accused him of abuse of power and tyranny.
-Lincoln also used Executive power to expand rights and issue the Emancipation Proclamation, changing the purpose of the war.
-After EP, many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, re-supplying Union troops overnight
-Also helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers (Britain and France)
The forced relocation of Native Americans from their eastern homelands to present-day Oklahoma between 1830 and 1850 under Andrew Jackson was called...
Trail of Tears (or Indian Removal Act of 1830)
When was the Market Revolution (1st IR)? Name 4 developments from this time.
A time of technological innovation from 1820s-1850 when America shifted from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. Steamboat, cotton gin, telegraph, transcontinental railroad, textile mill, and national infrastructure systems like roads and canals.
Who was Jane Addams? What social development did she create in Chicago in 1889?
Jane Addams was a social reformist in the Industrial Age that sought to improve living conditions for poor city dwellers in Chicago. She founded the famous social settlement house, Hull-House, in 1889.
Which Constitutional Amendment gave women the right to vote?
the 19th Amendment
What does Laissez Faire mean? When was it popular?
Hands-off government policy that lets businesses regulate themselves (privately), popular in the Gilded Age.
Name 3 African American reformists from any era and describe specifically how they took action
W.E.B. du Bois - Harvard, founded NAACP, activist believing in reform through education
Harriet Tubman - facilitated escape on the underground railroad after escaping slavery herself
Frederick Douglass - activist, speaker and most significant leader of the early Abolitionist movement
Ida B. Wells - used journalism and muckracking to expose lynching in the south
Booker T. Washington - Social elite believing that Black Americans in the south should accept segregation and discrimination in the Jim Crow era, and focus on developing vocational skills instead of political and social equality.
Marcus Garvey - Pan-Africanist and black national who believed people of African descent should establish an independent nation in their ancient homeland. He emphasized unity, pride in the African cultural heritage, and complete autonomy.
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)? How did it repeal the Missouri Compromise (1820)?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) established popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, and new territories in the west. It gave the residents of those territories the power to decide whether to allow slavery, repealing the Missouri Compromise (1820) and angering Abolitionists.
Name the industry ruled by each of the following Industrial tycoons--Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford
Vanderbilt (steamboats and/or railroads)
Carnegie (Steel)
Rockefeller (Oil)
Ford (Auto)
Name 3 African American reformists and describe, specifically, how they took action
Harriet Tubman - facilitated escape on the underground railroad, formerly enslaved
Frederick Douglass - Abolitionist leader, speaker and activist, formerly enslaved
W.E.B. du Bois - Harvard, founded NAACP, activist believing in the power of education
Ida B. Wells - used journalism and muckracking to expose Lynching in the south
Booker T. Washington - criticized by peers for arguing that Black Americans should temporarily accept white supremacy in the south & focus on economic gains
Which Amendment banned the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the US?
18th Amendment
Describe the 1832-33 Nullification Crisis OR the Ordinance of Nullification
The Nullification Crisis (1832-33) began when South Carolina nullified a federal tariff (the “Tariff of Abominations” as it came to be known, which favored Northern manufacturing over Southern agriculture) with the Ordinance of Nullification in 1832.
How did Radical Republicans in Congress use their majority to oppose the new Southern Democrat President Andrew Johnson after Lincoln's assassination?
They were able to use their majorities in both houses of Congress to frequently overturn Presidential vetoes (first Reconstruction Act), pass legislation and enact government programs focused on civil rights and racial equality.
Name at least 3 out of the 6 parts of Henry Clay's Compromise of 1850
California admitted as a free state
New Mexico and Utah territories established and given the right to decide their own status on slavery through popular sovereignty
Boundary between Texas and the United States was established, and the U.S. government took on Texas's debts
Name one way technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the Progressive Era
When agriculture was industrialized in the late 1800s, farms became larger and focused on growing single cash crops like corn and wheat. These large farms required expensive specialized machinery which small farms couldn’t afford and many small farmers went out of business.
Global competition also gauged many small farmers, especially in the west. Industrial leaders took advantage of farmers by charging high prices for machinery needed to run large farms. High costs for transportation and storage ate whatever profit was left. At the same time, prices for their agricultural products fell. The world was becoming increasingly globalized, so competition from foreign markets led to falling prices. As profits fell, many farmers went out of business or generated debt borrowing from banks.
In response to their challenges (like factory workers) they also used collective organizing to form farmers alliances (The Grange) to fight back against industrialists. The Populist Party represented the interests of poor western farmers, popular at the end of the 19th C, but never took major hold in the Federal government. (William Jennings Bryan)
Define "muckracing" and name 3 examples, explaining the methods each used to expose social injustices
Muckrackers were journalists, writers, and photographers during the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) who exposed corruption and wrongdoing in government, business, and society.
Ida B. Wells used journalism in "Southern Horrors" to expose lynching in the south and the lies used to justify it.
Jacob Riis used photo journalism in "How the Other Half Lives" to expose the brutal living conditions of immigrants in urban settlement houses.
Upton Sinclair used fictionalized narrative (or storytelling) in "The Jungle" to expose the brutal working conditions of the Meat-Packing industry.
In 1913, the ___ Amendment gave the power to to the people to directly elect U.S. senators, instead of state legislatures. It was significant because it supported direct democracy and limited political corruption.
17th
Explain and chronologically connect the following key terms:
Mexican-American War - Annexation of Texas - Mexican Cession
After provoking the annexation of Texas (or Texas Revolution) in 1845, Polk directed the US army to invade Mexico. The Mexican-American War lasted from 1846 - 1848, and resulted in the Mexican Cession which added significant territory to the American SW.
Name 3 benefits the North had during the Civil War and 2 benefits of the South
-The north controlled 85% of all factories in America at the start of the Civil War which would be able to produce the weapons and supplies of war necessary to win.
-The north was more connected, owning over 70% of all railroads in the US, which meant that could transport those weapons, supplies, and troops more quickly to the battlefield.
-They also had more people. Roughly 2/3 of the entire population of the country lived in US, giving the government an ample supply of troops.
-Lincoln and the Union also had a standing army and navy, and a functioning government.
-The south was fighting on their home turf, had better generals and military leaders, and higher morale.