The Crash and Its Causes
This event on October 24, 1929 signaled the stock market’s sudden plunge.
What is Black Thursday?
These panicked withdrawals happened when people rushed to pull money out before banks collapsed.
What are bank runs?
During the Depression, this group was often “last hired and first fired,” facing unemployment as high as 50% in some areas.
Who are Black Americans?
This group of WWI veterans demanded early bonus payments in Washington, D.C. in 1932.
Who are the Bonus Army?
This law created the FDIC and separated commercial and investment banking.
What is the Glass–Steagall Act?
This major regional program built dams and modernized parts of the South.
What is the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?
This major labor federation grew after the Wagner Act and organized industrial workers.
What is the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)?
Nickname for October 29, 1929, when the market “plummeted all day.”
What is Black Tuesday?
Hoover’s approach that relied on private cooperation and voluntary organizations was called this.
What is associationalism?
Severe drought plus poor farming practices from 1932–1936 created this ecological disaster.
What is the Dust Bowl?
This general led the force that drove out the Bonus Army and burned their camp.
Who is Douglas MacArthur?
FDR’s radio addresses meant to reassure the public were known as these.
What are fireside chats?
This farm program paid producers to limit output to raise prices.
What is the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)?
This New Deal law created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance, but excluded many farm and domestic workers.
What is the Social Security Act?
The crash didn’t cause the Depression, but it revealed these underlying problems like inequality and declining demand.
What are structural weaknesses in the economy?
Hoover created this agency to give emergency loans to banks and large businesses.
What is the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)?
Migrants from Oklahoma and nearby states moving west for work were called this (often insultingly).
Who are the Okies?
The 1932 election that crushed Hoover brought this New York governor to the presidency.
Who is Franklin Delano Roosevelt?
This phrase describes the rapid burst of New Deal lawmaking early in FDR’s presidency.
What are the First Hundred Days?
This act tried to create industry “codes” and was later ruled unconstitutional.
What is the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)?
These nine young men accused in Alabama became a symbol of racial injustice in the 1930s.
Who are the Scottsboro Boys?
This investing behavior—buying because you expect prices to rise—helped fuel the bubble.
What is speculation?
Shantytowns of the unemployed were nicknamed these, blaming the president.
What are Hoovervilles?
In 1935–1936, states used these to block poor migrants from entering.
What are border blockades?
In his first inaugural, FDR said the nation had nothing to fear but this.
What is fear itself?
This program hired young men for conservation and park projects.
What is the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?
This New Deal program employed millions building roads, schools, and public buildings.
What is the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
This Supreme Court moment in your notes refers to striking down key New Deal programs.
What is “Black Monday”?
This 1930 tariff became one of the highest in U.S. history and worsened global trade.
What is the Smoot–Hawley Tariff?
This “male breadwinner” idea was challenged as women and children sought work during the crisis.
What is the breadwinner ideal?
This classic Depression novel (1939) highlighted migrant hardship.
What is The Grapes of Wrath?
FDR’s temporary nationwide closure of banks to stop panic was called this.
What is the bank holiday?
This agency gave cash assistance to state relief efforts for the unemployed.
What is the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)?
Also called the Wagner Act, this law protected collective bargaining and union organizing.
What is the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)?
FDR’s failed 1937 plan to add more justices to gain a friendlier Supreme Court was called this.
What is court packing?
FINAL JEOPARDY
Where did all the money go?
This 1935 New Deal law strengthened labor unions and collective bargaining, and its rapid impact helped fuel a political backlash that contributed to Roosevelt’s later attempt to change the Supreme Court’s balance of power.
What is the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)?