GFR/nephron/kidney
This nephron segment performs “bulk reabsorption,” reclaiming most filtered water and electrolytes and essentially 100% of filtered glucose and amino acids under normal conditions
What is the proximal tubule?
A dehydrated dog has increased BUN and creatinine, decreased renal blood flow, and a USG of 1.045. This is the most likely type of azotemia.
What is prerenal azotemia?
A neonatal foal is continuously dripping urine from its umbilicus because a fetal connection between the bladder apex and umbilicus failed to close.
What is a patent urachus?
This somatic nerve innervates the striated external urethral sphincter and provides voluntary continence.
What is the pudendal nerve?
A 12-kg dog requires potassium supplementation. Using a Kmax, this is the maximum safe amount of potassium the patient can receive per hour.
12 kg × 0.5 mEq/kg/hr = 6 mEq/hr
This portion of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water and uses the Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ cotransporter to reabsorb solute, helping dilute tubular fluid and establish the medullary gradient
What is the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
A urine sample is strongly positive for heme, and numerous intact RBCs are visible in the sediment. This term describes the finding.
What is hematuria?
These uroliths are favored by alkaline urine and contain magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate; urease-producing bacteria can promote their formation.
What are struvite uroliths?
This α₁-adrenergic agonist increases urethral smooth muscle tone and is commonly used for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence.
What is phenylpropanolamine?
A large animal needs rapid intravascular volume expansion using a small fluid volume. This crystalloid contains approximately 7.2–7.5% NaCl and must later be “paid back” with additional fluid.
What is hypertonic saline?
Moderate efferent arteriolar constriction can increase GFR, but severe constriction can eventually decrease GFR because this opposing Starling force increases as proteins become concentrated in the glomerular capillaries.
What is glomerular capillary oncotic pressure (GCOP)?
A patient loses proportionally more sodium than water, resulting in hyponatremia and decreased plasma osmolality. This type of dehydration is present.
What is hypotonic dehydration?
Persistent antigen stimulation leads to antigen-antibody complex formation, glomerular deposition, complement activation, inflammation, damage to the filtration barrier, and proteinuria.
What is immune-complex glomerulonephritis?
Normal kidney size relative to L2 in dogs
2.5-3.5 × the length of the body of L2
A dog receives fluids containing 20 mEq K⁺/L at a rate of 75 mL/hr. This is the amount of potassium delivered each hour.
Calculation:
20 mEq / 1000 mL = 0.02 mEq/mL
0.02 × 75 mL/hr = 1.5 mEq/hr
Correct response: What is 1.5 mEq K⁺/hr?
explain ALL steps of the microcirculation of the kidney
interlobar arteries and veins -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> vasa recti - arterial - venous -> venules -> interlobar/arcuate veins
A blocked male cat has K⁺ = 6.8 mEq/L, HCO₃⁻ = 10 (low), and an increased anion gap. These TWO major laboratory abnormalities should immediately be recognized.
What are hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap?
Amyloid usually deposits in glomeruli, but in these TWO breed groups the medullary interstitium is the characteristic site of deposition.
What are Abyssinian cats and Chinese Shar-Pei dogs?
A patient with detrusor atony needs stronger bladder contraction, but this muscarinic agonist must NOT be given if a urethral obstruction is still present.
What is bethanechol?
this fluid type does NOT have a buffer capacity + can cause hyper chromic metabolic acidosis.
What is 0.9% NaCl?
Too much NaCl reaches the macula densa. The macula densa releases adenosine and decreases renin release. Name the resulting changes to BOTH the afferent and efferent arterioles and the net effect on GFR.
What are afferent constriction + efferent dilation causing decreased GFR?
A venous blood gas shows a decreased pH, decreased HCO₃⁻, and decreased PCO₂. Identify the acid base disorder
What is metabolic acidosis; respiratory compensation cannot be reliably determined from venous PCO₂?
A urinary obstruction causes progressive back-pressure, dilation of the ureter and renal pelvis, compression of renal parenchyma, and eventually pressure atrophy of the kidney.
What is hydronephrosis associated with hydroureter?
A patient has detrusor instability and urge incontinence. This muscarinic antagonist relaxes the detrusor muscle and decreases bladder pressure.
What is oxybutynin?
A 5-L bag of LRS needs a final potassium concentration of 20 mEq/L. LRS already contains 4 mEq K⁺/L, and your KCl contains 2 mEq/mL. How many mL of KCl should be added to the 5-L bag?
Explanation:
Need to add: 20 − 4 = 16 mEq/L
For 5 L:
16 mEq/L × 5 L = 80 mEq
KCl = 2 mEq/mL:
80 ÷ 2 = 40 mL KCl