Unit 1 Topic 1
Name 9 organelles (from plant or animal cells)
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Vacuole.
Biochem: what are carbohydrates and what are they composed of?
They are organic compounds composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.
True or false: Catabolism involves the build up of simple molecules which combines them into complex molecules.
False
What mechanism does the body use to detect and respond to the increase of internal temperature?
Negative Feedback
True or false: Infectious refers to the pathogen's ability to spread from one host to another, whilst contagious refers to how easy it is for a pathogen to infect a host.
True.
You have a cactus and a peace lily. Which one would have the least amount of stomata and why?
The cactus would have the least stomata, as cacti typically live in hot, dry, desert conditions and need to conserve water to survive.
What does the endosymbiotic theory suggest?
Eukaryotic cells evolved from Prokaryote cells (by one prokaryote engulfing another).
What are the 4 different types of polysaccharides?
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin.
Where does the Krebs cycle take place and what substance is broken down into carbon dioxide?
Mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate.
Which two body systems work hand in hand to maintain homeostasis?
The nervous system and endocrine system
Identify key differences between Infectious and Non-Infectious diseases.
Non-infectious diseases can be caused by lifestyle choices, genetics, and exposure to harmful substances in the environment. Infectious diseases can be caught and spread from person to person.
An NRL player comes off the field and drinks a Powerade (a drink which contains electrolytes) before returning to the field. How would replenishing electrolyte levels help maintain their athletic performance by supporting nerve function?
Electolytes are used to conduct electrical charges which are required for nerve cells to communicate and send signals. Therefore the NRL player can maintain their reaction times by replacing electrolytes that are lost in sweat.
In the phospholipid bilayer, what does each phospholipid molecule consist of?
One hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
Enzyme substrate concentration: What is the saturation point?
When all active sites are occupied, the enzyme reaches its maximum activity (Vmax), and further increases in substrate concentration have no effect. AND/OR The enzyme is working at full capacity, and the rate of reaction is limited by the availability of active sites, not substrate molecules.
DOUBLE POINTS FOR BOTH
What is a stomata, where can it be found, and what role does it play in gas exchange? (include the name of the process in your answer).
Stomata are small pores often found on the underside of a leaf, it opens and closes to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse in, and oxygen to diffuse out
Name three different types of behavioural responses that can be observed in endotherms to regulate body temperature.
Kleptothermy, Hibernation, and Aestivation.
What are prostaglandins responsible for? (3 answers)
Vasodilation, contribute to pain and fever associated with inflammation, and act as signals that alert the body to tissue damage.
A squirrel consumes 5 berries from a Bella-donna (nightshade) plant. What will happen to the squirrel and why?
The squirrel become severely unwell from the poisonous berries. This is part of the plant's innate immune response and is a chemical defence.
OR: The squirrel's body will try to flush the toxins out (half points for this response).
Cell division: What happens in the G1 phase of Interphase?
1. Cell grows and carries out normal function. 2. It synthesises enzymes and nutrients needed for cell replication. 3. Checks for DNA damage and all necessary components are present for for DNA synthesis.
What are capillaries, what is it composed of and what is their function?
They are the smallest blood vessels, composed of a single layer of epithelial cells, and enable rapid diffusion of nutrients, gases and waste products between blood and tissues.
Name the structural adaptations for gas exchange in the lungs
Large surface area, thin walls, moist surface, rich capillary network
1. What is the function of osmoregulation in humans?
2. Which organ/s play a central role in osmoregulation?
3. What is the hormone is essential to this process?
1. To assist in maintaining homeostasis via the regulation of fluids and electrolytes throughout the body.
2. The Kidneys.
3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).
What does the cytotoxic T cell target, and what toxic substances does it release?
An already infected cell, and it releases perforin and granzymes.
Plasma (blood product) is given to an immunocompromised patient via an Intravenous Catheter (IVC/drip). 1. What type of immunity does this give the patient and how will it help the patient fight off infections, and how long will the immunity last? 2. What would happen if the plasma as incompatible with the patient and why?
1. The plasma will provide the patient with artificially acquired passive immunity. This provides the patient with additional antibodies to help fight infection, but this only lasts for a short period of time. 2. The already weakened immune response will attack the plasma because it would recognise the plasma as foreign.
Osmosis: Explain what happens to a cell in a) hypotonic solution, b) hypertonic solution, and c) isotonic solution.
a) concentration is lower outside of the cell, causing the cell to burst. b) concentration is higher outside of the cell, causing the cell to shrink. c) concentration inside and outside of the cell is equal, normal function continues.
Excretory system: what is the correct order of the structures used filtration process that occurs in the nephron?
1. glomerulus, 2. proximal convoluted tubule, 3. descending loop on Henle, 4. ascending loop on Henle, 5. distal tubule, 6. collecting duct.
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
write your answer on the board.
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Name the specialised structures of a neuron that allow it to efficiently transmit signals (7 in total).
Dendrites, soma (cell body), axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, axon terminal, synapse
Name the mechanism, process, and duration of a naturally acquired active immunity. Give an example.
Mechanism: The body encounters a pathogen naturally and mounts an immune response. Process: Antibodies are produced and activates memory cells specific to the pathogen. Duration: Generally long-lasting. Examples: Chicken pox (and any other valid examples).
You have 2 patients with infections. Patient A has a temperature of 39.1, and Patient B has a temperature of 34.8. Who do you treat first and why?
(5 statements/sentences, 1 minute to formulate a response)
Patient B needs to be treated first. The body raises its internal temperature (fever) to create a hostile environment to weaken/kill the pathogen. The low temperature indicates that the negative feedback loop has failed. As a result the pathogen will spread at an increasingly rapid rate as the reduced temperature provides the optimal environment for the pathogen to thrive. Therefore, the infection in Patient B will become more severe faster than the infection in Patient A.