Review: Midterm I
What are the 2 branches of prokaryotes?
Bacteria, Archaea
Is the adaptive immune response somatically generated or encoded in the germline?
Somatically generated
A biological preparation that enhances immunity to a particular disease—without causing disease describes a
vaccine
The study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in a population is...
epidemiology
Viruses are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes. What are they?
acellular infectious microbes
What are the professional phagocytes?
macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils
What do adjuvants do?
elicit a strong, durable, protective immune response to make vaccines more effective
How is incidence different than prevalence?
Incidence - measures new cases, prevalence measures existing and new cases
What type of bacteria are stained pink when treated with Gram staining?
Gram negative
What are the 3 functions of antibodies?
neutralize, opsonization, activate complement
What's an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
MMR, OPV
Aerosols are usually associated with what type of transmission?
Airborne
What vector spreads the filarial disease called "river blindness"?
Blackfly
The process by which activated B cells insert mutations in the variable region of the receptor to increase its affinity for an antigen is called...
Somatic Hypermutation
How did scientists overcome the issue of mRNA vaccines degrading too quickly?
Used nanoparticles to prevent premature degradation
A new disease has a Rnaught of 1. What does this mean about new cases?
Means that infection rate is stable, no net new cases
Which protozoan parasites are associated with cerebral symptoms?
Plasmodium, T. brucei, T. solium
B cells require 2 signals to be activated. What are they?
1. BCR needs to bind an antigen
2. Helper T cell activates it with cytokines
What purpose does pseudouridine serve?
prevents recognition of RNA leading to a type I IFN response
What is the Iceberg concept in epidemiology?
Only severe cases are visible, asymptomatic cases aren't