Echo

Valvular

100

Organism responsible for Acute rheumatic fever

group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus progenies

200

Transient apical mid diastolic murmur in ARF in association with murmur of MR

Carey-Coombs murmur (mitral valvulitis)

300

Auscultatory interval which correlates negatively with mitral stenosis severity

S2-OS interval

400

Common valve lesion with long standing subvalvular aortic stenosis

AI

500

Indications for AVR in asymptomatic severe AI

Class I- Asymptomatic patients with chronic severe AR and LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF <50%) at rest if no other cause for systolic dysfunction is identified, surgery for other indications

Class IIa- Asymptomatic patients with severe AR with normal LV systolic function (LVEF ≥50%) with  LVESD>50 mm or indexed LVESD >25 mm/m2

Class IIb- Asymptomatic patients with severe AR and normal LV systolic function (LVEF≥50%) but LVEDD >65 mm if surgical risk is low

                                                       

                                                       

 

                       

                                                                                                                      

Echo

100

Causes of fusion of E and A waves of mitral inflow

Sinus tachycardia, PAC, First degree AV block

200

Causes of L-wave

healthy individuals with bradycardia, advanced diastolic dysfunction with elevated LV filling pressures

300

The increased Ar velocities greater than ____ suggest elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure

35 cm/sec

400

Bicuspid aortic valve- most common?

Fusion of the right and left cusps is the most common

Second most frequent type- fusion of the right and noncoronary cusps

Least common type is fusion of the left and noncoronary cusps

500

Hallmark of rheumatic MS

Leaflet thickening, leaflet calcifications, decreased leaflet mobility, and commissural fusions together with chordal fusion and shortening

Echo

100

phenomenon associated with bileaflet prosthetic valves, where high Doppler gradients are recorded despite a normally functioning valve

Rapid pressure recovery

high recorded Doppler gradients (typically in the small 19- and 21-mm sizes) which are significantly higher than those recorded by cath. suspected in patients with small bileaflet prostheses who have (1) reduced EOA, IEOA, and DVI for valve subtype and size and (2) normal occluder motion.

200

MVA from DT

MVA from PISA

300

Contra-indications to PMBV

unfavorable mitral valve Wilkins score (≥ 10), more than moderate mitral regurgitation, and the presence of intracardiac thrombus.

400

Criteria for severe MR

EROA ≥ 0.4 cm2, regurgitant volume ≥ 60 mL, and regurgitant fraction ≥ 50%

500

Normal DVI for prosthetic mitral valve/aortic valve

MVRVTI/LVOTVTI, <2.2

AoV-DVI>=0.3

Formulas

100

PVR formula

PVR = (PAP − PCWP)/CO 

                                   

200

Mixed venous sat

3 (SVC sat)+IVC sat/4

                                   

300

Doppler shift equation

(2f)(V)(cosO)/C                                   

                                   

400

Valve area- Hakki

Valve area = CO/square root of peak to peak pressure difference

500

Valve area- Gorlin's formula

CO/(flow time × HR × valve factor × square root of mean pressure gradient) 

valve factor = 44.5 for aortic valve and 38.0 for mitral valve

Echo/Misc

100

Asymptomatic thoracic aneurysm of more than this size should be repaired in Marfan's syndrome

4.5 cm

200

Most common cause of AS and MS

AS-<65- Bicuspid aortic valve, >65- Degenerative

MS- Rheumatic

300

Diastolic septal bounce on M-mode is characteristic of

Constrictive pericarditis

400

Normal Tricuspid valve bioprosthesis 

Peak velocity≤ 1.7 m/sec

Mean pressure<6mmHg

Pressure half-time<230 sec

500

Mitral PPM

Aortic PPM

IEOA- 1.2 cm2/m2

Aortic- 0.85 cm2/m2 or less 

severe mismatch-less than 0.65 cm2/m.2