General Definitions
Institutional Corrections refers to...
Facilities used to detain individuals in the criminal justice system
In most cases, individuals in solitary confinement are required to stay in their cells for ______ hours a day
23 Hours
What kind of offenders are housed in minimum-security prisons?
Nonviolent white collar criminals who are thought to pose little or no physical threat
Body-imaging scanners are used in correctional institutions to...
Scan visitors and sometimes correctional officers who enter correctional facilities to detect contraband
Matrons are...
Female correctional staff members in women's prisons or reformatories
What did punishment look like during early colonial forms of corrections in the US, when punishment took an eye for an eye approach?
Cruel, barbaric, and often taking place in a public setting to maximize public humiliation
Generally, what is the difference between jails and prisons?
Prisons: hold individuals convicted of crimes
Jails: hold both those convicted (usually if sentence is less than 1 year) and those who have not been convicted of crimes
Flogging continued as a punishment in the US until...
1952
What are Lockups?
Used to detain individuals for 24-48 hours. May be held there awaiting transfers to jails or as law enforcement awaits additional information on the individuals status
When did the last hanging for a crime/unlawful act occur in the United States?
January 1996
What is the average length of stay in solitary confinement with in supermax prisons?
Almost 3 years
Most women are in prison for nonviolent crimes; one third of all women are incarcerated for...
Drug-related offenses that were motivated by the desire to obtain more drugs
Pennsylvania System vs. Auburn System
Pennsylvania System: Isolation and silence are necessary for offenders reflection, reformation, and rehabilitation (AKA Separate System)
Auburn System: Based on reformation. Individuals housed separate and not allowed to communicate. During day worked and ate together in silence (AKA Congregate System)
Since the 1980's, institutional corrections has been guided by the principle of...
Just deserts: Focused on proportionality where the crime is equal to the ensuing punishment
At any given time, are more people housed in jails or prisons?
Prisons
What jail is credited with being the 1st public institution to use imprisonment as the primary means of punishing and reforming criminals? (Hint: later converted and became the 1st US prison)
The Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia