Energy systems/Oxygen uptake
The 10 kilometre World Record is held by Kenenisa Bekele with a time of 26:17.53. What is
the highest contributing fuel used in a 10-kilometre run?
A. Protein.
B. Carbohydrates.
C. Phosphocreatine (PC).
D. Triglycerides.
We have 90-120 minutes of carbohydrate stores which are the bodies preferred fuel source during exercise. The 10-kilometre run goes for less than 30 minutes and so we have adequate supplies. Protein and fats are too slow to use in a race like this and phosphocreatine has only limited stores. Hence B is correct.
Which of the following is an acute vascular response to Gus Livingstone completing a series of efforts in a football match?
A. Increased cardiac output.
B. Increased ventilation.
C. Increased muscle temperature.
D. Increase a-VO2 difference.
Key word = vascular. Vascular means the blood and blood vessels, not the heart. Since A is a cardio (and not vascular) acute response while B is respiratory and C is muscular, D is the correct answer as oxygen exchange occurs in the blood vessels.
Activity analysis
Which of the following best classifies the action of putting in golf?
A. Closed, fine, serial
B. Open, fine, discrete
C. Closed, gross, discrete
D. Closed, fine, discrete
D. Closed, find, discrete
Putting in golf involves a predictable environment, and it is internally paced (closed). It uses smaller, precise muscles in the arm, hand and fingers (fine). It has a clear beginning and end (discrete).
Jimmy Barry is serving for the 2021 Australian Open title. He is deciding on the type of serve he wants to deliver. Jimmy is using which type of attention?
A. Narrow-internal
B. Broad-internal
C. Narrow-external
D. Broad-external
Jimmy is deciding in his own head (making it internal), on which type of serve (which is narrow because he is focusing on one thing- the serve type). Thus, A is correct. External would be attention on what shot his opponent is playing while broad attention would involve many more stimuli.
Any sport that would have a high contribution from the anaerobic glycolysis system or aerobic system. An active recovery can assist in the removal of metabolic by-products, reduce venous pooling for a faster recovery.
Name the adaptations that occur to increase LIP
Greater mitochondrial density
Increased oxidative capacity due to increased oxidative enzymes
Explain two ways to ensure the VO2max test that Rahni completed mid year is reliable.
Perform at same time of day.
- Same order of tests.
- Same warm up.
- Same recovery period.
- Same nutrition and hydration levels.
- Similar environmental conditions.
- Same equipment, clothing and footwear.
- Similar pre-testing exercise levels.
Name the stages of a Qualitative Movement Analysis in the correct order.
Preparation, Observation, Evaluation, Error Correction.
Two signs that an individual may be over aroused before a sporting event.
Anxiety, nervousness
• Overexcitement
• Poor decision making
• Uncoordinated movements
Identify the most likely physiological reason for fatigue when running a marathon in 35 degree heat.
Explain the process that causes this fatigue and how it impacts performance.
Thermoregulatory fatigue.
To cool the body down blood vessels to the skin vasodilate, and blood vessels to the muscles vasoconstrict. This will lead to a decrease in blood flow to the muscles, thus less oxygen available for aerobic ATP resynthesis.
The athlete then has to slow down and/or rely more on the anaerobic glycolysis system, and the associated accumulation of fatiguing H+ ions would eventually render them unable to finish the race.
Another possible answer here is an increase in blood viscosity due to sweating. Sweating will result in a decrease in blood plasma volume, resulting in a decreased stroke volume, which also leads to decrease oxygen supply to the muscles.
Nick undertakes a 10-week muscular strength training program to increase his 1-RM deadlift. State an anaerobic muscular adaptation that would result from this training program and explain how it will help improve Nick’s 1-RM deadlift.
1 mark awarded for stating a chronic adaptation from the following:
• Increased ATPase/glycolytic/other enzyme stores.
• Increased muscular hypertrophy.
• increased motor unit recruitment.
Please note - A 1-RM does not last long and therefore increased PC stores may be very difficult to explain in terms of performance benefits.
1 mark awarded for explaining how the chronic adaptation chosen improves the rate ofanaerobic ATP production. For example, increased enzyme activity allows for a faster rate of anaerobic ATP resynthesis.
1 mark awarded for explaining how the chosen chronic adaptation increases muscular strength. For example, this means that the muscle can contract with greater force and therefore help improve Nick’s 1RM.
Ebony is interested in making the state team for Quidditch; however, her coach has told her that she needs to improve her anaerobic capacity. Define this fitness component and name and describe a fitness test that could be used to assess this fitness component.
3 marks
1 mark awarded for defining anaerobic capacity as the total amount of energy obtainable from the anaerobic energy systems.
1 mark awarded for naming a fitness test from the following:
• phosphate recovery test
• 30-second Wingate test
• Repco Peak power test
1 mark awarded for describing the fitness test. For example, the 30-second Wingate test is where the participant is instructed to pedal as fast as possible on a stationary bike for 30 seconds. The total amount of power output is then measured to determine anaerobic capacity.
Classify the type of movement high jump is as either open or closed, explaining why.
High jump is a closed skill.
- High jump is internally paced, as the athlete decides when to begin the jump.
- The environment is very stable, as there are no opponents interfering with the jump.
- Each jump is quite similar, as it uses the same technique and a similar run up. Therefore little inter-trial variability.
Using the inverted U theory, compare the level of arousal needed for putting in golf and tackling in AFL
1 mark for stating the inverted U theory. There is an optimal level of arousal for performance and if arousal is too high or low performance will be negatively affected.
1 mark for suggesting that tackling in AFL would need a higher level of arousal as being energetic and aggressive might help the players get the ball.
1 mark for suggesting that golf would need a lower level of arousal as it requires fine motor movements and high focus.
Must include whereas/compared to when comparing golf and AFL to get all 3 marks.
Priya is undertaking continuous aerobic training. She begins running her usual circuit and notices her heart rate increase at the start of her run before becoming relatively constant.
Halfway through her run, there is a large hill she must run up. Outline how the contribution of the energy systems vary during any oxygen deficits or steady states during her run.
1 mark for stating all 3 energy systems contribute to ATP production during both oxygen deficit and steady state.
1 mark for outlining that the anaerobic systems produces a greater proportion of ATP during oxygen deficit at the start of the run than during steady state. This is due to the body’s lag time in providing O2 to the working muscles.
1 mark for outlining that at steady state, sufficient oxygen reaches the muscles and the aerobic system is the main contributor to ATP resynthesis and remains the main contributor for the rest of the event.
1 mark for outlining when running up the hill, there is an increase in intensity and the anaerobic glycolysis system will increase its contribution to ATP resynthesis, however, the aerobic energy system remains the greatest contributor.
*Could also mention that the ATP-PC system plays a minor role throughout Priya’s run
(although this is covered by the first marking point).
Molly O’Callaghan holds an olympic record of 1:53.27 for the 200m freestyle event. Explain how an increased lactate tolerance would assist her in achieving this time.
An increased lactate tolerance would assist Mollie O’Callahan in maintaining her speed to swim the 200m freestyle in 1:53.27, given her body’s increased ability to buffer and neutralise accumulated hydrogen ions associated with the anaerobic glycolysis system. This allows her to swim at high intensities for longer despite the build up of lactate, hence swim faster.
A soccer coach likes to conduct an activity analysis to help plan her teams’ pre-season.
Name and describe two types of data that could be collected, including how this could be helpful in planning a training program.
1 mark awarded for naming two of the following (2 marks):
• work to rest ratios.
• skill frequency tables.
• movement patterns.
• heart rates.
1 mark awarded for describing the two types of data and justifying their pupose in designing a training program
One data type the coach may use is work:rest ratios, as this details how long an athlete is working for compared to resting for and can be used to determine which energy system has the highest contribution.
Hamish is trying to improve his shots in basketball. The ball is consistently falling short of the goals. Using your knowledge of projectile motion, suggest how Hamish could improve his basketball shots.
1 mark for projectile motion is any object that is airborne and in this case it's the basektball
1 mark for suggesting angle of release. Hamish should have a high angle of release to help the ball reach the hoop.
1 mark for suggesting height of release. Hamish should try to maximise his height of release without compromising his technique to get the ball into the hoop.
1 mark for suggesting velocity of release. Hamish should increase the velocity of release by using good technique so that the ball travels further and is more likely to reach the hoop.
Suggest why an athlete would consume proteins and carbohydrates together after an endurance event.
Consuming proteins assists with muscle repair and carbohydrates assist with glycogen replenishment. Consuming both together increases the speed of carbohydrate absorption. And aiding a faster recovery.
John, a young athlete, competes in a school cross country race (3km) where he finishes with a time of 11 minutes and 25 seconds.
In the last 100 m's of the race John was in stride with Curtis, who he desperately wanted to beat. John increased his pace to a sprint; which he maintained for the final 50m’s, he crossed the finish line milliseconds before Curtis.
With reference to all three energy systems explain the interplay that occurs during John's race
All three energy systems will contribute to the energy production for the 3km cross country race.
Due to the long duration (11 mins and 25 seconds) of the race the aerobic energy system would be the main contributor to ATP production because of its high yield.
Both the anaerobic systems (ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis system) would be important in supplying energy for the start of the race due the initial O2 deficit. Their fast rates of ATP production can match the change in intensity until the cardio respiratory systems can catch up and provide sufficient oxygen for ATP production by the aerobic system.
As John continues at maximal aerobic intensity for the 11 mins of the race the aerobic system would be the main contributor, however when he increases his intensity in the last 50m the anaerobic glycolysis system will become important, given it’s faster rate of ATP production it can meet the demands of the increased intensity of the sprint and therefore John can maintain a faster pace for the final surge to the end and beat Curtis by milliseconds.
Apply the principles of frequency, intensity, time, type, progression and variety to a four week training program for Ana to commence training for a 10km run.
At least 3 x a week
20mins run - continuous 75%HRmax
20 mins fartlek 75% HRmax with 5 x 2 min surge at 85%HRmax (different methods show variety)
HIIT - 10 x 45sec run 90% 30 sec rest active
Long interval 2 sets of 4 reps 60secs work (80%HRmax) 60 sec rest (1:1)
Referring to mechanical advantage, explain how throwing a ball with a lacrosse stick can increase the velocity of the ball compared to simply throwing a ball using your hand.
1 mark for explaining mechanical advantage is a measure of how much a lever amplifies force OR mechanical advantage is given by force arm/resistance arm.
1 mark for explaining that using a lacrosse stick will increase the length of the resistance arm in this third-class lever.
1 mark for explaining a lacrosse stick will decrease the mechanical advantage further below
1, so the lever will amplify speed more. This will increase the speed at which the ball travels, allowing it to travel further in a game or making it more difficult to intercept.
All 500 marks for taking a risk in selecting a 500 point question!