Skeletal System
What connective tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligament
What part of the muscle connects muscle to bone?
Tendon
Which principles explains the motor units are recruited from smallest to largest?
The size principle
What is a Sprian?
An injury which involves a ligament being over stretched or torn.
Provide 2 exaples of legal performance enhancing methods.
Good Nutrient
Training (resistance, flexibility, pylometrics)
Protein Powder
Creatine
What are the articulating bones at the shoulder joint?
Clavicle, Scapula and Humerous
Identify what type of muscle fibres would best suit a marathon runner, and list 3 characteristics of that fibre type.
Slow Twitch - Small, Red, Slow to fatigue, Low Force
What is a Motor Unit.
Is a motor nueron and the attached muscle fibres it stimulates.
Identify a physical aid a AFL player might use and explain the injury it prevents.
Tape/Brace - Provents taped/braced joint from going outside of range of motion.
Helmet - Provents injuries to the head such as concussions.
Mouth Gaurd - Protects the teeth and loosing a tooth.
Boots - Provides support and traction with the ground limiting injuries to ankles and knees when changing directions.
Who is the organisation that governs the prohibited list of substances in world sport?
WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency)
What joint actions does a ball and socket joint allow?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.
Identify the 3 functions of the muscular system.
Movement, Posture and Body Heat.
Define the all or nothing principle
Until an electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold it will not contact muscle fibres, however, once it reaches that threshold level, all the fibres of that motor unit contract at maximum.
Explain the difference between and direct and an indirect injury
A direct injury is caused by an external force eg: Hit by another player.
An indirect injury is caused by to much internal force usually a change in direction eg: rolled ankle.
Explain two illegal methods a athlete may use to improve strength
Steriods: Derived from testosterone, used to increase muscle bulk, power and strength.
Human Growth Hormone: Derived from a hormone found in the body, used to increase lean body mass and promote muscle development.
Explain a 3rd class lever using example of one.
Axis/Fulcrum - Effort - Load
Example: Bicep curl
Identify which muscle fibre arrangement has the greatest cross-sectional size and provide an example of a muscle with the type of arragement.
Multipennate. Eg: Deltoid, Pectorial Major, Quadricep
Provide examples from a sport of your choice to explain the size principle.
Free throw - Small motor units are recruited
Half court shot - Small and large motor units are recruited
Identify what a strain is and the different grades.
Injury to a muscle or tendon
Grade 1 - Small Stretch/Tear (less than 5%)
Grade 2 - Big tear but not complete rupture
Grade 3 - Complete rupture
Identify the frequency, intensity and time training should be completed at for benefits occur for?
Frequency - 3 times a week
Intensity - Moderate to High
Time - 3-6 sets
Identify the all the bones which make up the hands and feet. In order from most distal to most proximal.
Phalanges, meta carpals, carpals
Phalanges, meta tarsals, tarsals
Explain what type of contraction is happening on the up phase of a bench press, the down phase of a bench press and then holding the weight half way.
Up phase - Concentric (muscle shortening)
Down phase - Eccentric (muscle lengthening)
Hold - Isometric (muscles staying same size)
Explain the principle of reciprocal inhibition, using a sporting example of your choice.
Reciprocal inhibition is when skeletal muscles work in pairs to produce movement. One muscles is the agonist (contracts) the opposite muscles is the antaginist (relaxes). During a bicep curl the bicep is the agonist creating the movement and the tricep is the antaginist allowing the movement to occur.
Explain what is meant by a chronic injury, and provide an example.
Usually associated with overuse of a body part over time.
Examples: Osteoporosis, Arthritis, Osteitis Pubis, Shin Splints, Tennis Elbow
Identify and explain 2 training methods that an athlete could use to increase their athetic performance.
Plyometric Training: Plyometric exercises involve explosive movements that improve the power and speed of muscle contractions.
Resistance Training: Resistance training focuses on increasing the overall strength of the muscles. This method enhances the force production capability of trained muscles.
Flexibility Training: Flexibility training focuses on increasing the range of motion of movement of a muscle.