Variables and Hypotheses
Designs and Sampling
Data Quality
Errors and Data Types
Ethics
100
The variable the researcher manipulates.
Independent variable (IV)
100
A design where each participant takes part in only one condition.
Between-subjects design
100
How close a measurement is to the true value.
Accuracy
100
Data in numerical form.
Quantitative data
100
The guideline where participants agree to take part after being told the nature, purpose and risks.
Informed consent
200
The variable measured to see the effect of the IV.
Dependent variable (DV)
200
A design where every participant takes part in all conditions.
Within-subjects design
200
How close a set of measurements are to each other.
Precision
200
Data collected first-hand by the researcher.
Primary data
200
Participants' right to leave a study at any time without penalty.
Withdrawal rights
300
A variable, other than the IV, that may cause an unwanted change in the DV.
Extraneous variable
300
The technique that controls order effects in a within-subjects design by varying the order of conditions.
Counterbalancing
300
How close results are when the same investigation is repeated by the same person, method and conditions.
Repeatability
300
Error that affects measurements unpredictably and reduces precision; reduced by repeated trials.
Random error
300
Explaining the true aims and correcting any false beliefs at the end of a study.
Debriefing
400
A variable other than the IV that has definitely affected the DV, so the results cannot be trusted.
Confounding variable
400
Sampling where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Random sampling
400
How close results are when the investigation is replicated with different people, methods or conditions.
Reproducibility
400
Error that shifts all measurements in the same direction, such as a miscalibrated scale.
Systematic error
400
The ethical concept of maximising benefits and minimising risks and harms.
Beneficence
500
A testable prediction of the relationship between the IV and DV that names the population.
Hypothesis
500
Sampling where the population is split into subgroups and participants are chosen in the same proportions.
Stratified sampling
500
Whether the results can be generalised to people and settings beyond the investigation.
External validity
500
A data point that differs significantly from the rest of the data.
Outlier
500
The ethical concept of fair distribution of benefits and burdens and fair treatment of participants.
Justice
M
e
n
u