Person Perception and Attributes
Which term describes the way we process of developing first impressions of people?
A. Memory
B. Person perception
C. Motivation
D. Cognition
B. Person perception
Cognitive dissonance occurs when...
A. You forget information.
B. Your attitudes and behaviour conflict.
C. You learn something new.
D. You agree with your friends.
B. Your attitudes and behaviour conflict.
What is the difference between old-fashioned and modern prejudice?
Old-fashioned prejudice is a form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members and their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognisable to others.
Modern prejudice as a form of prejudice which is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group
Which of these is a social group?
A. People waiting at a bus stop
B. A school basketball team
C. Shoppers at a supermarket
D. People on a train
B. A school basketball team
Which type of social influence occurs because a person wants to be accepted by a group?
A. Informational social influence
B. Normative social influence
C. Obedience
D. Persuasion
B. Normative social influence
An internal (dispositional) attribution explains behaviour by...
A. The situation
B. Personality or characteristics
C. Luck only
D. Other people's opinions
B. Personality or characteristics
Which bias involves noticing information that supports your existing beliefs?
A. Hindsight bias
B. Confirmation bias
C. Anchoring bias
D. Optimism bias
B. Confirmation bias
What is the difference between explicit and implicit prejudice?
Explicit prejudice is defined as prejudice that is consciously held and usually deliberately thought about, e.g. within their control.
In contrast, implicit prejudice is prejudice that is typically unconsciously held; that is, the person holding such prejudice is not usually aware that they do so. Implicit prejudices are not usually within the control of the person holding them (APA, 2022).
Which type of power comes from having specific knowledge on a topic, e.g. a PhD?
A. Reward power
B. Coercive power
C. Expert power
D. Legitimate power
C. Expert power
What's the difference between constructive and destructive obedience?
Constructive obedience occurs when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a positive outcome.
Destructive obedience occurs when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a negative outcome.
Which option below explains behaviour by referring to the situation/context?
A. Internal attribution
B. External attribution
C. Self-serving bias
D. Confirmation bias
B. External attribution
A person buys expensive shoes and then tells themselves they were "worth every cent" to feel better. This is an example of:
A. Confirmation bias
B. Cognitive dissonance
C. Conformity
D. Obedience
B. Cognitive dissonance
What is the difference between direct and indirect discrimination, and give an example of each.
Direct discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.
Indirect discrimination happens when there is an unreasonable requirement, condition or practice that disadvantages a person, or a group of people, because of a personal characteristic.
Which type of power is based on admiration and respect?
A. Legitimate power
B. Reward power
C. Referent power
D. Coercive power
C. Referent power
What's a positive and negative effect, relating to social connections, that is due to the rise of "social media"?
A positive effect of social media on social connections is that it allows people to maintain relationships and communicate with friends and family regardless of distance. A negative effect is that excessive use of social media can reduce face-to-face interactions, leading to weaker in-person connections and feelings of social isolation.
Liam sees a student trip over in the hallway. He says, "She's so clumsy," without knowing she slipped on a wet floor. What bias is this?
Fundamental Attribution Error
In cognitive dissonance, what are the three ways that someone can "comfort their discomfort"?
1. Change the thought
2. Change the behaviour
3. Rationalise the behaviour/add new thoughts
What is the "contact hypothesis", in relation to prejudice/discrimination?
The contact hypothesis proposes that certain types of direct contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice. The assumption is that close, prolonged contact of a fairly direct nature (one-on-one or face-to-face) leads to a re-evaluation of incorrect stereotypes about the other group and its members, thereby reducing intergroup stereotyping and prejudice.
What is group polarisation?
Group polarisation is the tendency of an individual group member, following group discussion, to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position (in the same general direction).
Which psychologist is most closely associated with research on obedience, using electric shocks?
A. Asch
B. Milgram
C. Bandura
D. Pavlov
B. Milgram
What is the difference between:
- Just world belief
- Actor observer bias
- Self serving bias
Just-world belief (also called just-world hypothesis and just-world fallacy) refers to the belief that the world is a just place in which people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get is the tendency.
Actor–observer bias: refers to our tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yet attribute others’ behaviour to internal factors
Self Serving Bias: When judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our successes and deny responsibility for failure, which is blamed on external, situational factors. This is a kind of self-deception called self-serving bias.
What is the difference between anchoring bias and optimism bias? Apply both to an example.
Anchoring bias is when a person relies too heavily on the first piece of information they receive, whereas optimism bias is when they overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes and underestimate risks.
For example, a person sees a car advertised as "reduced from $30,000 to $24,000" and thinks it is a great deal because they are anchored to the original price, while also believing the car will not have any expensive mechanical problems because they are overly optimistic about the future.
In "Robber's Cave Experiment", what are the three things that lead to less group conflict?
1. Mutual interdependence - both reliant on each other.
2. Superordinate goals - a goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals which each group might have.
3. Equality of status - The status of a group refers to the importance or ‘standing’ of the group when compared with another group, as perceived by members of the group(s) making the comparison.
Name three conditions, which lead to "groupthink" being more likely.
- high cohesiveness
- strong leader
- lack of procedures
- isolated from outside influences
- difficult/important decision
-limited time/stress
Explain Asch's experiment on conformity, in two sentences.
In Asch's conformity experiment, participants were asked to identify which of three lines matched the length of a standard line while confederates (people working with the researcher) deliberately gave the wrong answer. Many participants conformed to the incorrect majority response even though they knew it was wrong, showing that people may change their behaviour or opinions because of normative social influence.