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_______ vs _______ debate questions whether development is dependent on hereditary or environmental factors
nature vs nature
______ period is the narrow, rigid developmental period in which a specific skill or function must be learnt
Critical period
__________ behaviour is activity that impairs an individual’s ability to match the changing demands of their everyday life
Maladaptive
The independent variable in Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys was...
whether the food was provided by the wire or cloth surrogate.
Neurotypicality refers to....
standard or typical brain functioning, processing and behaviours.
What is the Biopsychosocial model?
A holistic, interdiciplinary framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological and social factors
________ ________ is the understanding that an object still exists when it is unable to be seen, heard, or touched
object permanence
Name one of the types of criteria we can use when categorising behaviour
Social norms OR
Cultural perspectives OR
Malapative behaviours OR
Personal Distress OR
Statistical Rarity
Emotions are considered adaptive when they...
arise in response to a stimulus or event and enable us to meet our needs.
Name the 8 different stages and crisis in Erikson's theory of social development
Infant 0-1 years Trust vs. mistrust
Toddler 1–3 years Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Pre-schooler 3–6 years Initiative vs. guilt
Primary schooler 6–12 years Industry vs. inferiority
Adolescent 12–19 years Identity vs. role confusion
Young adult 19–30 years Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle age 30–64 years Generativity vs. stagnation
Older adult 65+ years Integrity vs. despair
Economic circumstances, Cultural values, and Interpersonal Relationships are all examples of this.
social factors that influence development
_______ attachment involves the needs of the infant being consistently met by their primary caregiver
secure attachment
What are 2 characteristics of a sensitive period?
-Learning is more responsive during this time.
-Learning is easier.
-Difficult to learn after period has ended (not impossible).
Individuals with ADHD tend to have deficits in their arousal and alertness. This means they have difficulty...
remaining vigilant and sustaining focus.
Alex drinks a bottle of wine alone every night to cope with her divorce, and this is having an impact on her ability to keep her life in order, see her friends and show up to work on time. According to which criterion is her behaviour atypical?
maladaptive behaviour
What type of factor is genetic influences on a person's development?
hereditary factors
_______ is the cognitive process of incorporating new information into an existing schema (proposed by Piaget)
assimilation
What duties can a psychologist not do?
Prescribe medication.
What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A psychologist can diagnose and help manage mental disorders, whereas a psychiatrist can diagnose mental disorders and prescribe medication.
Culturally responsive practices are
important because…
they enable mental health workers to meet the unique needs of individuals from diverse backgrounds.
Outline one limitation of Piaget’s theory.
1. In fact, his tests may have been culturally biased, leading to non-Western cultures being misrepresented.
2. Piaget’s observations were biased as they were of his own children, which is also a very small sample size. He had no controls for comparisons and did not use statistical analysis.
What are the stages and age ranges of cognitive development as describe by Piaget?
0–2 years Sensorimotor
2–7 years Preoperational
7–12 years Concrete operational
12+ years Formal operational
Mental health organisations can support an individual’s mental wellbeing and psychological development by…
1. providing counselling and crisis support.
2. providing social support services.
Compare a way in which a neurodivergent and neurotypical person may differ.
A neurotypical individual is able to adapt to changes in routines whereas a neurodivergent person may experience difficulty in adapting to change, especially if it is sudden.
What are the 3 types of attachment?
Explain each style.
Secure attachment - strong emotional bond between infant and primary caregiver.
Insecure-Avoidant attachment - infant ignores primary caregiver, usually because the caregiver is not meeting the infant's needs.
Insecure-Anxious (Resistant) attachment - infant fluctuates from being clingy to ignoring caregiver, usually because caregiver is inconsistently meeting the infant's needs.