Research Methods
What is included in a hypothesis?
IV, DV, and Direction/Prediction
Also, population
A division of the nervous system, comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
Central nervous system
What is cortisol?
A hormone which energises the body when under stress
The individual whose behaviour is watched by the learner is called a __________
Model
A type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information
Echoic memory
A newborn infant sleeps for around ___________ a day
16 hours
Dominic is a researcher who hypothesised that listening to music while studying would divide student’s attention and therefore result in poorer academic performance than those who did not listen to music.
What is the DV?
Student's academic performance
Neurons that communicate neural impulses between neurons
Interneurons
What is fight-flight-freeze response?
A quick and intense response to a threat, resulting in confronting it, escaping it, or being still in the face of it
A type of consequence that involves taking away a stimulus to encourage a behaviour to occur again
Negative reinforcement
What is retrieval?
The process of accessing information which has been previously stored
What is total sleep deprivation?
When an individual does not sleep during a 24-hour period
What is beneficence?
The benefits of the experiment outweigh the harm caused to the participant.
A neuron that transmits information to the following neuron is called...?
Pre-synaptic neuron
What occurs in the exhaustion stage?
A stage of responding to a stressor that occurs when the body’s energy is depleted and it can no longer maintain high levels of arousal
What are the conditions for classical conditioning to occur?
The NS needs to be presented immediately before the UCS.
For learning to occur, the CS needs to produce the CR without the presence of the UCS.
What is Alzheimer's disease and what causes it?
A neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons and memory capabilities
What is induced ASC?
A type of ASC that occurs with purposeful intervention or aid (not naturally occurring)
What is order effects?
Can occur in a within-subjects experimental design. This confounding variable is due to the order in which participants partake in the experimental and control conditions.
What happens to the heart, lungs, and eyes when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
Heart rate increases, respiratory increases (relaxes/dilates bronchi), and pupils dilate
What is secondary appraisal?
The process of evaluating the resources available and required in order to cope with a stressor
What is synaptic plasticity?
The ability for the brain to alter its structures in response to experiences that includes pruning, rerouting, and sprouting
What does encoding mean?
Raw information being processed into a useable form for storage
What are the brain wave patterns that occurs in NREM stage 3?
Low frequency and high amplitude brain waves
A type of study that is conducted over an extended period of time, wherein the same participants are followed up periodically throughout the length of the study is a ___________
Longitudinal study
What is the myelin sheath?
The substance which protects the axon of a neuron and insulates neural messages.
What is coping flexibility?
An individual’s ability to recognise when a strategy is no longer effective and to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique and changing demands of a stressor.
Milla used to love her job. Then suddenly, a grumpy boss arrives. Soon, just the very sight of the grumpy boss may generate a feeling of anxiety and avoidance. Before Milla knows it, she’ve started to dislike the work you used to love.
What is the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
NS: Work
UCS: Boss
UCR: Anxiety
CS: Work
CR: Anxiety
A student remembers how to ride a bicycle after not riding one for five years. However, they cannot consciously recall when or how they first learned to ride.
Using the Atkinson–Shiffrin multi-store model and the distinction between explicit and implicit memory, explain why the student can still ride a bicycle despite not remembering learning the skill.
- Riding a bicycle involves procedural memory, a type of implicit long-term memory.
- Implicit memories can be retrieved without conscious awareness.
- Remembering the original learning experience involves episodic memory, a type of explicit long-term memory.
- According to the Atkinson–Shiffrin model, information can be encoded into long-term memory and retrieved later. Different types of long-term memories can be retrieved independently.
Ruby sleeps for only four hours the night before her Psych exam. The next day, she struggles to concentrate, become easily irritated and have difficulty making decisions.
Identify two effects of partial sleep deprivation demonstrated in this scenario.
- Cognitive: Reduced concentration or impaired decision-making.
- Affective: Increased irritability or emotional reactivity.