U1 AOS 1
What do psychologists mean by the term 'nature'?
The genetic influences on development.
What are the 4 brain lobes?
Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal.
Asch's experiment tested what psychological concept?
Conformity.
What are the 3 types of attention?
Divided, selective and sustained.
In an experiment studying the effects of sleep on memory retention, what are the independent and dependent variables?
IV - amount of sleep.
DV - memory retention.
What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A psychologist can diagnose and help manage mental disorders, whereas a psychiatrist can diagnose mental disorders and prescribe medication.
When can CTE be diagnosed?
Only after a person has died, through conducting an autopsy.
What are 3 characteristics of a social group?
-Need 2 or more people.
-They must interact with each other.
-They need to influence each other.
-They need to have a common goal.
Identify and explain 2 binocular depth cues.
Retinal Disparity - When the two retinal images are received in the brain, the images are compared, any mismatch between the two images provides information to the brain about the object’s depth or distance.
Convergence - Involves the brain detecting changes in muscle tension in muscles surrounding the eye as the eyes turn inwards to focus on objects that are close.
Name the 5 ethical concepts.
Beneficence, integrity, justice, non-maleficence and respect.
What are 2 characteristics of a sensitive period?
-Learning is more responsive during this time.
-Learning is easier.
-Difficult to learn after period has ended (not impossible).
How can an ABI impact a person's biological, psychological and social functioning? (Give an example of each).
Biological - headaches, fatigue, movement challenges.
Psychological - personality changes, memory/concentration loss.
Social - anti-social behaviour, change in social support/relationships.
What are the 5 cognitive biases?
Confirmation, false-consensus, halo effect, self-serving, actor-observer.
What is one psychological explanation of the Muller-Lyer illusion?
‘Carpentered world hypothesis’ state that when we see plain 2D lines, we automatically apply them to real 3D objects, such as corners of rooms and buildings.
What's the difference between internal and external validity?
Internal validity is the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to whereas external validity is the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings.
What are the 3 types of attachment?
Explain each style.
Secure attachment - strong emotional bond between infant and primary caregiver.
Insecure-Avoidant attachment - infant ignores primary caregiver, usually because the caregiver is not meeting the infant's needs.
Insecure-Anxious (Resistant) attachment - infant fluctuates from being clingy to ignoring caregiver, usually because caregiver is inconsistently meeting the infant's needs.
Explain how 2 different strategies can help maintain optimal brain functioning.
Mental stimulation
Diet
Physical activity
Social support
In order to achieve self-determination, what 3 psychological needs must be met?
Autonomy, competence and relatedness.
Ella is at a restaurant and tries a bright yellow smoothie, she assumes that it will taste like bananas however, she’s surprised when it tastes bitter instead.
Why did Ella expect the smoothie to taste sweet, and how did this influence her perception of the taste?
Perceptual set influenced Ella’s expectation of sweetness based on the smoothie’s colour and smell, affecting her experience of the actual taste.
Colour: tastes stronger
What is one advantage and one disadvantage of using a within-subjects experimental design?
Advantage - fewer participants reduces participant differences.
Disadvantages - can cause order effects.
What is the 7th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development called?
Generativity vs stagnation.
Alex recently experienced a stroke and, as a result, can hear others speaking but struggles to understand the words they’re saying, even though he recognises familiar voices and sounds.
Which specific brain region is most likely affected, and where is it located?
Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe.
What are the 4 characteristics of prejudice?
1.they tend to believe that they are superior to the minority group to whom the prejudice is directed.
2.the majority group tend to believe the minority group is different from them and that they ‘do not belong’.
3.the majority group tend to believe that they are more powerful and important than the minority group.
4.a majority group that displays prejudiced attitudes is insecure, fearing the minority group may become more powerful and important than itself.
Lexi can taste garlic when she reads the word 'car'. What type of synaesthesia does she have?
Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia.
In an experiment testing the effectiveness of two different teaching methods, participants are assigned to either the experimental or control group purely by chance, with no researcher influence on the assignment process. What is the name of this technique used to assign participants to groups?
Random allocation.