Pathology
What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?
Backflow of urine from the bladder up the ureters to the kidneys
What common test is used to confirm a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Urinalysis
AND
Urine culture
T/F - Vesicoureteral reflux is more common in boys than girls after infancy.
FALSE
Females are affected more often than males after infancy.
Name one strategy to reduce fear during IV or IM administration in children.
Use distraction (e.g., bubbles or stories)
OR
Parental presence
Differentiate primary VUR from secondary VUR.
Primary = congenital defect at the ureterovesical junction
Secondary = acquired from bladder pressure/voiding disorders
List two symptoms of a UTI in a toilet-trained preschooler.
Foul-smelling urine
Frequency
Urgency
Suprapubic discomfort
Why are children more at risk for urinary reflux compared to adults?
Their urinary tract structures are still developing
OR
Small bladder size
OR
Short intravesical ureteral length
Name one prevention strategy for UTIs in children.
Ensure adequate fluid intake.
Assess for and monitor constipation.
Maintain proper perineal hygiene by wiping from front to back.
Avoid tight-fitting clothes or diapers; choose cotton underwear instead of nylon.
What is pyelonephritis?
A kidney infection.
What imaging test uses sound waves to look at the kidneys and bladder?
Renal/bladder ultrasound.
What is hydronephrosis?
Swelling/inflammation of the kidney
What psychosocial factor should nurses consider when a child like Ellie has a history of foster care?
Possible anxiety and trust issues requiring extra emotional support.