Pituitary & Master Controls
What is the anatomical term used to describe the anterior portion of the pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis
An abnormal, non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland is clinically termed a what?
Goiter
A canine patient with a chronic overproduction of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex has hyperadrenocorticism, also known by what disease name?
Cushing's disease
Which gland is uniquely responsible for secreting the companion hormones glucagon and insulin?
Pancreas
In the term Adenohypophysis, the word root component adeno- uniquely means what?
Gland
The master balance state of health, physiological equilibrium, and internal stability within an animal's body is called what?
Homeostasis
Which hormone is produced and secreted specifically by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis)?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A feline patient displaying clinical signs associated with pathologically elevated levels of T3 and T4 is suffering from what condition?
Hyperthyroidism
Hypoadrenocorticism is the formal medical designation for which eponymously named veterinary condition?
Addison's disease
A patient presenting with persistent hyperglycemia due to an absolute lack of insulin production or insulin resistance is suffering from what condition?
Diabetes mellitus
The word root component neuro- in neurohypophysis tells us that this portion of the pituitary gland has a direct structural connection to which body system?
Nervous system (or Central Nervous System)
If a secretory organ decreases or stops hormone production because it detects an adequate or excessive level already in the bloodstream, it is practicing what type of feedback?
Negative feedback
The posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) serves as the storage and release site for which pairing of hormones?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) works directly to regulate and balance which specific systemic element in the blood?
Blood calcium
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from what part of the adrenal gland?
Adrenomedullary hormones (secreted by the adrenal medulla)
Which miscellaneous hormone is released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
The prefix hyper- in the terms hyperadrenocorticism and hyperthyroidism denotes what state of glandular activity?
Excessive, elevated, or overactive activity
Gastrin is an example of a miscellaneous hormone secreted by cells within which body system?
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also commonly referred to by what other clinical name due to its direct action on blood vessels?
Vasopressin
If a patient's laboratory blood panel reveals an abnormally high concentration of serum calcium, what is the correct medical term to document this finding?
Hypercalcemia
What receptors respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine during a "fight or flight" emergency response?
α-adrenergic and B-adrenergic receptors
In the hormonal regulation of blood pressure, which enzyme is released directly by the kidneys to kickstart the renin-angiotensin cascade?
Renin
Break down the term Endocrinology: What root means "within", what root means "to secrete", and what suffix means "the study of"?
Within = endo-; To secrete = -crine; The study of = -ology
Name the dominant androgenic hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes.
Testosterone
A canine patient presenting with a pathological deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or renal resistance to it will likely be diagnosed with which condition?
Diabetes insipidus
Break down the term Hypocalcemia: What does the prefix hypo- mean, what does the root -calc- mean, and what does the suffix -emia mean?
Hypo- = deficient / low; -calc- = calcium; -emia = blood condition
Based on anatomical word roots, why are the adrenal glands named as such? (Hint: Focus on their physical proximity to another organ system).
Ad- means "toward/near" and -renal means "kidney" (they sit right next to or on top of the kidneys).
Within the renin-angiotensin hormonal system, what specific compound does Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) act upon to convert it into Angiotensin II?
Angiotensin I
What does the medical acronym "ACE" stand for within the renal-cardiovascular regulatory pathway?
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
Name the two primary hormones secreted by the ovaries that coordinate the female reproductive cycle.
Estrogen and Progesterone