irreversible cell injury
under light microscopy, this change can be observed to the cytoplasm
cytoplasmic eosinophilia
name 2 organelles that are membrane bound within the cell
nucleus; Golgi body; mitochondria; lysosome
this is a common and important cause of cell injury
A patient has an organ composed of cells that have increased in size due to increased functional demand. If the enlargement is caused by an increase in cellular protein and organelle synthesis, which adaptation has occurred?
what is hypertrophy?
This is one of the earliest morphologic manifestations of reversible cell injury.
What is cellular swelling (hydropic change)?
under microscope, depiction of the cardiac muscle is evident, however, there is no detection of the nucleus or striations. what could this form of necrosis be?
coagulative
A cell can no longer efficiently merge amino acids together to produce proteins. Which cellular structure is most directly affected?
what are ribosomes?
state one reason as to why too much cytoplasmic calcium is bad for the cell
-damages proteins and DNA
-activates enzymes which damage cell membranes
A biopsy shows cells with disorganized architecture and abnormal cellular characteristics. This change can sometimes progress to neoplasia.
what is dysplasia?
describe 2 morphological features of reversible injury that is seen in (1) light microscopy and (2) electron microscopy
(1) cloudy swelling; small clear vacuoles; pale enlarged cytoplasm
(2) plasma membrane blebs; dilated ER; swollen mitochondria; chromatin clumping
this form of necrosis is often related to chronic inflammation; i.e. tuberculosis
caseation
proteins are accumulating because they cannot be properly modified, sorted, and packaged into vesicles. Which organelle is malfunctioning?
what is Golgi body?
this type of microscopic appearance and degeneration is seen in epidermal cells
ballooning degeneration
an example of this reversible form of adaptation occurs in the distal esophagus in which the stratified squamous cells are replaced by ________.
name the condition!
intestinal epithelial cells (crypts and mucous glands)
Barrett's Esophagus- Gastric Acid Reflux
A grossly affected liver is enlarged and has a pale/yellow appearance. Which reversible cellular injury discussed in this lecture could account for this gross appearance?
What is fatty change of the liver?
in enzymatic fat necrosis, FA attract this molecule which leads to the chalk-white, gritty areas
calcium
Put these structures in the correct sequence for the information provided:
Nucleolus
Golgi
Ribosome
RER
Nucleolus → Ribosome → RER → Golgi
name one cause that attributes to pathologic apoptosis
by T cells in graft rejection, chemotherapy, neurodegenerative disease
describe one example of physiologic form of atrophy
notochord
thymus after puberty
this special staining technique stains lipids blue-black and red respectivelt.
Sudan black and Oil Red O
describe one cause for wet gangrene and where dry gangrene commonly occurs
wet: intestinal displacement, clostridial infection
dry: legs, hoof, tail, beak, ear; extremities
phagocytosis: engulf solid particles
pinocytosis: cell drinking
receptor mediated endocytosis: material transported binds to specific molecules
what does the influx of calcium cause in regard to mechanism of cellular injury
activation of enzymes (that begin to digest the cell from the inside out)
these cells have a low capacity to divide: _____ while
these have a high capacity to divide:_________
low: bone cartilage, smooth muscles
high: epidermis, hepatocytes, intestinal epithelium
Fatty change can occur in the heart and presents as this effect, as well as the liver causing this in hepatocytes.
"tigered" effect
intracytoplasmic fat droplet/vacuoles