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Which blood vessel has the largest decrease in blood pressure and is the most resistant?
Arteriole
Let's recall what we remember about the other vessels.
Which electrically active unit of the heart can be affected by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
SA node
The urinary tract is a complex system consisting of 4 integral structures. What are the 4 structures involved in the urinary tract?
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder and Urethra
Recall the function of each.
What function of the nephron contributes the greatest amount of fluid into the lumen of the tubule?
Tubular secretion
Recall the other functions.
What is the driving force of blood that varies throughout the vascular system?
Blood pressure.
Try to recall: blood flow, blood perfusion and resistance.
How does a change in the diameter of a blood vessel affect its resistance?
As the diameter of the blood vessel decreases, the resistance to flow increases. As the diameter of the blood vessel increases, the resistance to flow decreases.
What is the functional unit of the kidney called?
Nephron
These finger-like cells prevent large molecules from being filtered.
Podocytes
Recall the other 2 layers of filtration.
State Ohm's law.
Flow (Q) = change in pressure (∆P) / Resistance (R) -->
Change in pressure (∆P) = Flow (Q) x Resistance (R) -->
BP= CO x TPR
Jane's pet dog, Charlie, was brought to the emergency room. Dr. Vee observed Charlie and found the following readings: a Stroke Volume of 31ml, a Heart Rate reading of 14 beats/min, and a TPR of 0.47.
What is the Blood Pressure recorded?
203.98mmHg
BP = CO (HR x SV) * TPR
BP = (31*14) x 0.47
These types of nephrons are found predominantly in animals such as dogs, cats, and dessert rats and are essential in concentrating urine.
What are Juxtamedullary nephrons?
What are the components of the glomerular filtrate?
Mainly NaCl and water, but it also contains other salts and electrolytes, amino acids, small sugars, vitamins and other small molecules, such as waste.
It does not contain plasma, proteins nor cells.
What are the components of the microcirculation?
Arterioles, metarterioles, precapillary sphincter, capillaries, venules.
What would be the effect of the parasympathetic system in response to high blood pressure?
To reduce heart rate and in turn, cardiac output.
One of the functions of the kidney is to serve as a pathway for certain hormones. Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of Na+ and water?
Aldosterone (via Renin)
What type of force results from proteins found in the blood and affects fluid filtration in the glomerular capillaries?
Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure
What are the other forces that affect filtration and how do these work?
Which Starling forces can cause the movement of fluid inward through the capillary membrane?
Capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure (capillary oncotic pressure) and, only if positive, interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
Recall which forces push fluid out of the capillaries.
Explain how these work.
What would be the effect of the sympathetic system in response to low blood pressure?
To stimulate (1) an increase in the rate and contractility of the heart which leads to an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output, (2) vasoconstriction (decreased diameter) of blood vessels which leads to an increase in TPR, and (3) constriction of veins which leads to increased venous return and therefore cardiac output.
The kidney has a major role in the excretion of waste products. Which of the following substances is considered endogenous? Saccharin. Urea. Penicillin. Inulin.
Urea
Recall the other functions of the kidney.
How would vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole affect GFR and GHP?
GFR and GHP would both increase
Which scenario would produce the same result?
Which 2 scenarios would produce the opposite result?