Cranial Nerves
Bufford presents with a head tilt. Correctly identify which cranial nerve is most likely impacted given his clinical signs. What bone does this nerve course into (BE SPECIFIC)?
Vestibulocochlear n., Petrous Temporal Bone
Name the layers of the tear film from superficial to deep. Name a tear glands that contribute to each tear film layer.
Lipid layer - meibomian glands or tarsal glands
Aqueous layer - third eyelid/nictitating membrane gland or lacrimal gland. Also, harderian gland (not SOI)
Mucin layer - conjunctival goblet cells
What is the process that involves the direct transformation of mesenchymal tissue into bone?
intramembranous ossification
9:00 pm - 11:00 pm in a LAT radiograph, is which structures
pulmonary trunk, right atrium, aortic arch
Which sinuses of a horse drain into the nasal meatus?
caudal maxillary and rostral maxillary
List ALL muscles innervated by CN12, starting with the muscle responsible for extending the tongue rostrally
genioglossus, Hyloglossus, styloglossus, sternohyoiderous, sternothyroideous, thyrohoideous, geniohyoidius
The posterior part of the conjunctival surface is mainly composed of what type of cells?
goblet cells
What type of cells give rise to the frontal bone?
Neural crest cells
transverse, C6-C1
What are the boundaries of the pelvic cavity
pelvic inlet, sacral and caudal vertebrae, pubis and ischium, body of ilium/pelvic diaphragm, pelvic outlet
This cranial nerve passes through the same foramen to get into the cranial cavity as the vertebral artery
Accesory n.
What are the 4 layers of the trachea and what is the basic histology of them? Name them from the inner to the outer layer
Tunica mucosa - pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia supported by the lamina propria (elastin)
Tunica submucosa - connective tissue
Tunica muscularis - cartilage and smooth m.
Tunica adventitia - connective tissue
______ gives rise to the cricoid cartilage, however the _______ gives rise to the thyroid cartilage
lateral mesoderm, neural crest cells
If you are auscultating Bufford's heart on the left side at the 3rd intercostal space, what are you listening to?
pulmonary valve
The tubercle of a rib articulates with which structures of a thoracic vertebra? BE SPECIFIC
cranial and/or caudal transverse fovea
Menace response test = normal
Palpebral = abnormal
Pupillary light response = abnormal
Oculomoter
Out of all of the CNS glial cells, which appear the most dark on an H&E?
Oligodendrocytes
The caudal aspect of the tongue is developmentally from the ____________ and the rostral aspect is developmentally from the ________
What are the 3 lymph centers that may be visible on a radiograph if they are abnormal?
cranial mediastinal nodes, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, cranial sternal lymph nodes
omotransversarius m. and superficial cervial lymph nodes
Snuki 3-year-old FS golden retriever, started crying when his upper incisors were palpated. After exhausting all other diagnostics, it was determined that this pain is paralysis of a cranial nerve. How many incisors does Snuki have (all her teeth are intact)? What cranial nerve is this? And what is the order of the foramina this nerve goes through to get to the path of the nerve from the upper incisor back to the brainstem?
Follow the flow of aqueous humor
Ciliary body -> posterior chamber -> anterior chamber (through pupil) -> iridocorneal angle -> venous circulation
Name all of the layers of the primitive heart tube from cranial to caudal in an embryo and name what structures they give rise to as an adult.
Aortic arches -> cranial/thoracic arteries
Truncus arteriosus -> Distal OFT
bulbus cordis -> proximal OFT
Primitive ventricle -> ventricles
Primitive atrium -> atrium
Sinus venosus -> coronary sinus
Cardinal, umbilical, vitelline veins -> Vena cava veins
Which major vein goes through the caval foramen of the diaphragm? Name the other two hiatuses.
caudal vena cava. aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus
What muscle lines the wall of the heart's ventricles forms visible ridges of the inner wall (hint: not papillary muscle).
trabeculae carneae