Terminology, Pathogens & Immunity
Vx/Tx/Dx
Viral Disease
Bacterial Disease
Fungi & Parasites
100

What is an example of a disease that is infectious but not contagious? What do these terms mean?

Infectious = caused by an infectious organism/pathogen

Contagious = transmitted from host to host


100

Alternative terms for "modified live" and "killed" vaccines?

Modified live = attenuated

Killed = inactivated

100

What body systems are impacted by canine distemper?

Respiratory, GI, neuro

100

What are some bacterial causes of CIRDC? Which is the most dangerous?

Bordetella, Mycoplasma, Strep equi ss. zooepidemicus. The latter is the most dangerous and causes hemorrhagic pneumonia. 

100

How is ringworm diagnosed and what is the other term for this disease?

Dermatophytosis; diagnosed via Wood's Lamp, cytology, and DMT (culture). Should do confirmatory testing. 

200

Name the 2 arms of the immune system and describe components of each. 

Innate vs. adaptive/acquired immune system

Innate: WBCs, complement, skin, hair, sweat

Adaptive: Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity

200

What test is being shown in this photo? 

Which bacteria is more resistant overall?

Antimicrobial sensitivity testing 

The plate on the right is more resistant. 

200

Why should dogs not be called the "reservoir" of rabies in the United States?

Because canine rabies has been eliminated, and only wildlife strains remain. Dogs are not the reservoir for any of the wildlife strains. 

200

Who are the reservoir vs. accidental hosts for leptospirosis?

Rodents are common reservoirs 

Dogs are the reservoir host for specific strains, but in other instances are accidental hosts

Humans are accidental hosts


200

How are the 3 major systemic mycoses transmitted?

All are soil-borne and are transmitted from the environment and are considered non-contagious. 

Histoplasma is carried in the GI tract of bats and birds so they can amplify the infection, but do not transmit it directly. 

300

Is it normal to find bacteria...

- In the upper respiratory tract?

- In the lower respiratory tract?

- In the intestinal tract?

- In the urinary tract?

Yes

No

Yes

No

300

What is one way to make an antibody testing (serology) more reliable as a diagnostic method?

Paired titers 

300

How do we treat cases of Canine Influenza? Is there a vaccine?

Supportive care only; we do NOT use Tamiflu. There is a vaccine; it is non-core. 

300

What role is played by each of these species in Lyme disease: tick, mouse, deer, and dog

Tick: Vector

Mouse: Reservoir

Deer: Required for tick life cycle

Dog: Accidental host

300

Are dogs and cats the usual culprit for transmission of Giardia to humans?

No, most cases are human to human. Zoonotic spread from dogs and cats is rare. 

400

Which antibiotic or antibiotic class would be a good choice for an anaerobic bacterial infection? (consult chart)

Metronidazole, clindamycin, Clavamox

400

Does a test with high sensitivity have a high or low rate of false negatives?

Tests with high sensitivity have a low rate of false NEGATIVES. In other words, if it's negative, you can be confident it's a true negative. 

Tests with high specificity have a low rate of false POSITIVES. In other words, if it's positive, you can be confident that it's a true positive. 

400

For each of the feline viruses, describe the age group affected and how it is transmitted. 

FIV, FeLV, FIP

FIV: adults, biting/fighting

FeLV: kittens, grooming/close contact

FIP: kittens, non-contagious - mutation of FeCoV

400

How it Bartonella transmitted to cats?

The cat flea deposits infected feces onto cats, who then scratch and self-inoculate with the bacterium. 

400

Describe the heartworm life cycle. 

Mosquito transmits L3 larvae to dog. 

Larvae go through molts to become adults, process takes 6 months. 

Adult worms produce microfilariae which are taken up by mosquitoes, molt to L3 within mosquito, life cycle continues.

500

Why do we worry more about immediate nursing in foals and calves compared to puppies and kittens? 

Failure of passive transfer is more life-threatening in the first two species because there is 0 transfer of maternal antibodies during gestation. This is due to differences in placentation. 

500

What are ideal characteristics of a good screening test?

Easy

Cheap

Non-invasive

High sensitivity

500

What is the reasoning behind the 10-day quarantine period for an animal that bites someone? 

If rabies actually caused the animal to bite (i.e. it has reached the salivary glands), the animal is already symptomatic and will succumb to rabies within days. 

500

What would you tell an owner who is concerned that she might get leptospirosis from her infected dog?

Practice good hygiene; avoid contact with urine; casual contact will not transmit this. 

500

List some reasons why zoonotic transmission of toxoplasmosis from a cat living in the house is relatively rare. 

- Cats only shed for a few weeks once in their lifetime

- Oocysts must sporulate in the environment to be infective 

- Most people are already exposed/immune

- Have to also have poor hand hygiene

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