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This type of chromosomal mutation is most likely to have a detrimental effect on an individual
What is a deletion?
In a PCR reaction, this type of molecule travels the greatest distance through the agarose gel
What is the shortest and lightest molecule?
A mutation in this type of cell is not passed on to progeny
What are somatic cells?
The order of genes in closely related species can vary, likely because of this type of chromosomal mutation
What are chromosomal inversions?
Scientists do not know the function of more than ___ of the genes found in the human genome
What is 1/3?
In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate toward the side with this type of charge
What is positive charge?
In a PCR reaction, these molecules are designed to anneal to complimentary sequences on either side of the DNA molecule
This enzyme can repair breaks in the DNA backbone
What is DNA ligase?
This type of chromosomal mutation can confer a specific advantage for the organism
What is duplication?
Humans have _____ genes in their genome
What is 21,000?
After 3 PCR cycles, there are this many copies of the template DNA sequence
What is 8?
In a PCR reaction, the DNA double helix is unwound through this process?
What is denaturation at a high temperature?
The incorporation of uracil in DNA signals that this type of repair is necessary
What is base excision repair?
The loss of an entire chromosome within a few divisions can be attributed to ...
The loss of a centromere
The differences in the genomes of chimpanzees and humans are found in these regions of DNA
What are regulatory sequences?
Sanger sequencing requires the use of the same components as DNA replication, and the addition of this molecule
What are ddNTPs?
This molecule polymerizes daughter strands using dNTPs in a PCR reaction
What is Taq polymerase?
One or more damaged bases signals that this type of repair process is required
What is nucleotide excision repair?
The mutant CFTR protein is missing this specific amino acid, causing cystic fibrosis
What is PHE (phenylalanine)?
The human genome project has revealed ___ distinct mutations that may be involved in the formation of cancerous cells
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Missing an OH group on the 3' carbon
Amplified DNA strands are polymerized (using dNTPs) in this direction
What is 5' to 3'?
There are 5 genes (which are expressed at different developmental stages of life) in this gene family
What is the B globin gene family?
A _________ mutation causes sickle cell anemia, where glutamine is switched for __________.
The human genome project has overseen ___ projects since 2000
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