Definitions
This feature is defined as an opening in the Earth's surface through which magma, volcanic ash, and gases escape
What is a volcano?
Driven by heat from the core, this circular process occurs when magma in the mantle heats up, expands, and rises, then cools near the crust and sinks back down, acting like a conveyor belt that drags tectonic plates
What are convection currents?
In the Bay of Plenty, 48km off the coast
Where is White Island?
Located on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, this highly active shield volcano began a major eruption sequence in May 2018 along its Lower East Rift Zone
Where is Kilauea?
The most recent volcano to erupt in the Auckland Volcanic Field
What is Rangitoto Island?
In geography, this concept is defined as a sequence of natural or cultural actions that shape and change environments, places, and societies over time
What is a process?
A large, cauldron-like volcanic depression that forms when a volcano's magma chamber empties during an eruption and the ground above it collapses inward.
What is a Caldera?
Whakaari
What is the Maori name for White Island
24
How many fissures opened up during the Kilauea eruption?
First erupting around 70,000 years ago, this 106-metre scoria cone (Māori name: Te Pane a Mataaho) features prominent terracing along its slopes and rectangular pit remnants from its historical use as a major fortified Māori pā and food store
What is Mangere Mountain?
In hazard analysis, these are indirect consequences that occur as a result of direct ground movement or damage—such as lahars, tsunamis, or fires caused by broken utilities
What are secondary impacts?
At mid-ocean ridges, upwelling magma cools to form new lithosphere. As this material cools and contracts, gravity causes it to slide down the sloping sides of the ridge, pushing the plates apart.
What is ridge push?
22 people dead, many injured, a WorkSafe investigation and $millions in compensation
What were the cultural impacts of the White Island eruption?
500 people, 100 animals, including a pig
Who was housed in the Red Cross shelters?
Located right in the centre of Māngere Mountain's main crater, this distinct geological feature is a solid mound left behind when liquid lava cooled and solidified in the vent
What is a lava plug?
Relevant to the 2019 Whakaari disaster, this type of steam explosion occurs when groundwater is superheated by hot rock underground, blasting ash and broken rock into the air without producing any new lava
What is a phreatic eruption?
Recognized as the primary driving force behind plate movement, this gravity-driven process occurs when a cold, dense oceanic plate sinks into the subduction zone and physically pulls the rest of the plate behind it
What is slab pull?
Wearing gas masks and landing directly inside the ash-covered crater, chief executive Mark Law and fellow pilots from this local helicopter company rescued 20 injured survivors from the crater floor.
What is Kahu NZ?
The 2018 eruption destroyed 612 residences and impacted 1,770 properties, resulting in US$296 million in home losses—none of which were covered by this type of protection due to Puna's ongoing volcanic hazard zone status
What is home insurance?
Characteristic of volcanic fields such as Auckland, this term describes a volcano where each eruption occurs in a new location and builds a single new volcano from a fresh batch of magma
What is a monogenetic volcano?
When water comes into direct contact with magma, creating an intense and explosive eruption.
What is a Phreatomagmatic eruption?
In the year following the 2019 disaster, over $5 million was spent on WorkSafe's investigation, while this local iwi experienced a significant drop in annual revenue from $10.5 million down to $9.1 million
Who are Ngāti Awa?
Activated by Governor David Ige on May 4, 2018, to support Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense, 70 personnel from this military organization patrolled Puna, set up security checkpoints, and monitored dangerous sulfur dioxide gas levels
What is the Hawaii National Guard?