Virus 1
What are the two parts of a virus?
Capsid and Hereditary Material (DNA or RNA)
What are the four steps of viral replication?
1. Attachment and entrance
2. Synthesis
3. Assembly
4. Release
What is the function of the immune system?
Distinguish between foreign substances from substances that are apart of our own bodies.
How do B-cells recognize antigens?
Antigens that are roaming free in the blood and on the outside of infected cells.
Study of groups and categories of living organisms to provide order to the diverse world we live in.
Plants, animals, and fungi are known as ___________________, whereas protists are ______________ organisms.
multicellular, unicellular
What is meant by the word "spikes" on viruses?
Glycoproteins
What is a bacteriophage?
What is an antigen?
Parts of any foreign substance that are recognized by the immune system
What do B-cells make when stimulated? When made, what does it attach to? And who interacts with this complex?
Antibodies
Attaches to the host infected cell.
Macrophages
Carolus Linnaeus classified organisms based on two features. What are they?
Physical and Structural features
Which two taxa are the most specific?
Genus and Species
What is Host Range?
Limited number of host species, tissues, or cells that a virus or other parasite can infect.
Describe the lytic cycle
Phage infects a bacterium, hijacks the bacterium to make lots of phages, and then kills the cell by making it explode (lysis).
What are 3 examples of Innate Immunity?
1. Tears - washes away foreign substance away from eyes.
2. Gastric Acid - low pH kills the foreign substance
3. Skin - physical barrier that will not allow certain foreign substances to go into the body.
What cell presents the antigen to the T-cell? What happens to the T-cell after it becomes activated?
APC (Antigen Presenting Cell)
Morphs into a Cytotoxic T-cell
Define binomial nomenclature
What is genetic distance?
Mathematical comparison between DNA molecules of organisms.
When classifying viruses what are the three classifications of Nucleic acid types?
1) SS or DS
2) Circular or Linear
3) + or - sense strands
Describe the lysogenic cycle
Phage infects a bacterium and INSERTS its DNA into the bacterial chromosome, allowing the phage DNA (now called a prophage) to be copied and passed on along with the cell's own DNA.
After the first line of defense has been breached, what does the foreign substance encounter first?
Macrophage
After you are given an inactivated vaccine, what is needed to keep ongoing immunity against the disease?
Booster shot/vaccine
What is the most general taxon in the taxonomic system? What are the three groups within this taxon?
Domain
Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
What is a dichotomous key? How does it work?
Helps us identify different organisms, based on the organism's observable traits.
Series of statements with two choices (dichotomy) in each step that will lead users to the correct identification
Why is it so advantageous for a virus to have a positive strand of RNA as its hereditary molecule?
Because when the + RNA is introduced into the host, there is not need to use RNA polymerase to switch it. It comes ready as an mRNA to be used as a template for protein synthesis.
What could possibly trigger a lysogenic bacteria to go into the lytic phase?
Wbat two cells are involved in acquired immunity?
B and T cells
Differentiate between a live-attenuated vaccine and an inactivated vaccine
Live-attenuated = weakened form of the germ in vaccine
Inactivated = killed version of the germ
What distinguishes the Eukarya from Archaea and Bacteria? Particularly which 2 structures?
What is the difference between a cladogram and phylogenetic tree?
Cladogram is based on physical features, whereas a phylogenetic tree is backed by molecular DNA evidence showing similarities of organisms at the molecular level.