4.1
Hydrosphere
is the total amount of water on Earth, including oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and the water vapor in the atmosphere.
Latitude
the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.
Solstices
first day of summer & first day of winter
OR
when the Earth's tilt is most extreme toward or away from the sun, resulting in the longest (summer) or shortest (winter) day of the year
Radiation
is the transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves that travel out in all directions.
Biosphere
includes all living things on Earth.
Longitude
the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.
Equinoxes
first day of spring & first day of autumn
OR
when the Earth's axis is tilted neither toward nor away from the sun, resulting in nearly equal hours of daylight and darkness worldwide.
Scattering
produces a larger number of weaker rays that travel in different locations.
Geosphere
is the layer of Earth made up of solid rock and other rocky materials.
Contour Lines
are lines on a topographic map that indicate elevation.
Conduction
is the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity.
Reflection
occurs when light bounces off an object.
Atmosphere
is the layer of gases surrounding Earth.
Contour Intervals
is the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines.
Convection
is the transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance.
Greenhouse Effect
is the heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere from solar radiation being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere, mainly by water vapor and carbon dioxide.