Equilibrium of Inequality
What produces the equilibrium of inequality?
ethnic stratification + hierarchy + social integration
History: Colonial hierarchies were ______
Codified
Ethnic cleavages were profoundly shaped by
European Colonialism
South Africa
Colonial Settler State
Nigeria
Decolonized State
>250 ethnic groups and 120 different languages
The colonial powers wilfully and systematically separated the various Nigerian people thereby creating a suitable atmosphere for conflict
Main ethnic groups had their own national leaders that organized the non-elite members
The rich provided the resources, the poor supply the labour
______ is more likely the more segmented and less hierarchical structured multiethnic states are. Decolonized states are more likely to experience this than colonial settler states.
Ethnic conflict
examples of states composed of white rulers, the subjugated aboriginal population, and the imported African slaves and descendants
Latin American and English settler colonies
T/F: They experienced less conflict as time passed after independence
False:
Vogt's results reveal that the more time that passed since independence, the number of conflicts experienced by decolonized states grew.
New Zealand
Colonial Settler State
Rwanda
Small densely populated country. Under the control of the Belgians who elevated the Tutsi who had already been the dominant force to absolute dominance over the Hutus. Independence in 1951 and anti colonial mobilization led by a Hutu ethnic nationalist movement that wanted to use independence to assert political influence for marginalized Hutu.
Hutu majority established a one party state then the Hutu dominated military took over when Tutsi wanted to challenge it
hundreds of thousands of Tutsi driven out into Uganda where they lived for a while in refugee camps
Hutu broadcasted anti Tutsi hate propaganda and provided arms for citizen based anti Tutsi militias
How do Vogt's and Posner's theses play out?
This limits the material resources available to marginalized groups and thus their organizational strength.
High between group inequality
Violent intergroup conflict is least likely under conditions of ____
Ethnic stratification
Examples of states where independence resulted in self-rule by the formerly colonized people
Colonies in Asia, Africa, and a few territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
Sudan
Decolonized State
Guatemala
Class and Racial divide
Mayan descendants live in a poor rural area & those of European descent are wealthier
Guatemalan Civil War 1960-1996: Land reforms brought by a radically left wing gov't to redistribute land from big land owners and MNCs to poor indigenous population-- local elites and American based fruit company opposed this. American sponsored military coup.
But Vogt: Colonial Settler State - high between group inequality and highly socially stratified. What caused this?
This decreases ethnic groups' distinctiveness and internal cohesion thereby reducing the strength of collective mobilization
Social integration.
Colonial Settler States are _____ cases or ____ ethnic systems
Archetypal
Ranked
The legacy of colonial policies of "divide and rule" have made the decolonized states...
Segmented multiethnic states
Ethiopia
Ethiopia is Africa's oldest independent country and its second largest in terms of population. Apart from a five-year occupation by Mussolini's Italy, it has never been colonized.
Ethiopia
Pop: 111 M
Extremely Heterogenous: Oromo (35%) Amhara (28%) Tigray (approx 6%)
- ethno-federalism: drawing borders according to ethnic realities, therefore the majority would be given the power to assimilate
Ethiopia's northernmost region of Tigray is at the center of an ongoing civil conflict involving ethno-regional militias, the federal government, and the Eritrean military that has attracted the concern of humanitarian groups and external actors since November 2020.
These make coercion on the part of the ruling regime more effective
Stable between group hierarchies
countries in which ethnic groups are _______ organized and socially ______ are considered stratified systems.
Hierarchically
Integrated
A lack of ______ leads to a high likelihood of ethnic group mobilization to turn violent
Hierarchy
Haiti
Excluded
According to the EPR-ETH data set, ethnicity was not politically relevant.
Spain
Noncolonized
Catalonia is a semi-autonomous region in north-east Spain with a distinct history dating back almost 1,000 years.
Catalan nationalists have long complained that their region sends too much money to poorer parts of Spain, as taxes are controlled by Madrid.
In a referendum on 1 October 2017, declared illegal by Spain's Constitutional Court, about 90% of Catalan voters backed independence. But turnout was only 43%.
How would Vogt approach this based on his arguments?