Registers/ infants
Theories
Theories cont.; 1 anatomy
Anatomy
Anatomy cont.
100
  • What are the three registers?
  • Pulse
  • Modal
  • Loft
100
  • What is the cover body model of the vocal folds?

-The different stiffness characteristics of the vocal fold layers result in mechanically de-coupled grouping of layers to form the mucosa cover (epithelium and SLP), Vocal ligament (ILP and DLP), and the body of the vocal folds involving the vocalis muscle

  • Vocal fold vibration based on stiffness and compliance of layers by Hirano and colleagues
100
  • During a continuous utterance, the principle of Boyle’s law provides the necessary force to maintain subglottic pressure for speech when ….
  • Lung volumes reaches end inspiration
100
  • What does the upper respiratory tract include?
  • Oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx
100
  • What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
  • Cricoarytenoid – lateral is the adductor and posterior is the abductor
  • Cricothyroid – the tensor(glottal tensor): For pitch regulation.
  • Thyroarytenoid
  • Interarytenoid
200
  • Which is the lowest register?

Pulse

  • also called glottal fry, vocal fry, or creak
200
  • What is the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic theory?

-By Van den berg

  • Positive air pressure below true folds, negative air pressure between the folds (which is the Bernoulli’s principle), and positive pressure above folds.
  • Subglottic pressure blows the folds open, and the air puff vibrates the supraglottic air column to make a sound wave

-most widely accepted model of voice production. This model describes voice production as an interaction of muscle force (myo), tissue elasticity (elastic), and air pressures and flows (aerodynamic).

200
  • What is the equation for Boyle’s Law?

V = k/P or VP = k (p = pressure and v = volume)

200
  • What does the lower respiratory tract include?
  • Trachea, bronchial structures, larynx at junction of upper and lower tract
200
  • What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
  • Suprahyoid
  • Infrahyoid
300
  • Which register refers to the middle range of frequencies most often used in conversational speech?
  • Modal
300
  • What does the neurochronaxic theory state?
  • Timed neurological impulses down the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause the vocalis muscle to open the glottis, emitting an air puff that vibrates the supraglottic air column to make a sound wave
300

Bernoulli principle

a gas such as air passing through a narrow channel (adducting vocal folds; constriction of the glottis) increases in velocity and decreases in pressure. 

The negative pressure between the folds further helps to close them completely pulling them towards each other. 

One cycle of phonation requires 4 phases of VF movement: opening, open, closing, and closed. Vibration will continue during phonation as long as there is medial compression with the alternating of positive and negative pressures. Because no external force has to be applied for each cycle, the VFs are considered to be a self-sustaining oscillator. The VFs will vibrate for as long as an individual is producing a voiced sound. For voiceless sound or to inhale, the glottis is opened by the PCA.

300
  • What are the most important functions of the nose?
  • Providing airway for respiration, moistening and warming the entering air, filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter, resonating chamber for speech, housing the olfactory receptors, housing f the olfactory receptors
300

What is the tongue primarily made up of?

Extrinsic Tongue muscles:

  • Hyoglossus: retraction. Pulls body down.
  • Genioglossus: protrusion
  • Styloglossus: lateralization. Pulls body up and back
  • Palatoglossus: depresses soft palate and elevates back of tongue. Only tongue muscles not innervated by hypoglossal. It’s innervated by Vagus.

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles:

  • Inferior longitudinal: curls tip down
  • Superior longitudinal muscle: elevates tips and sides, curls tip up
  • Transverse: narrows tip
  • Varticalis: flattens and points tip

90% of FRONT consonants are produced with verticalis, transverse and genioglossus


400
  • Which is highest register?
  • Loft (falsetto)
400
  • What does Hook’s law say?
  • Elastic force is equal to amount of displacement
400

The Source Filter Theory

 describes the modification of the sound produced at the larynx as it travels through the vocal tract and out the lips on three graphs: the source function, transfer function, and output function.

400
  • What removes ciliated mucosal cells?
  • Contaminated mucus
400
  • The superior laryngeal nerve is
  • Sensory to the upper larynx and motor to the cricothyroid
500
  • What is the importance of the infant cry?

Tells us the maturational status of neurological and physiological systems

Reflects prematurity in higher F0 and in more stressful cries

Apnea of infancy reflected in lower F0

500
  • Boyle’s law states that the pressure of a gas is…
  • Inversely proportional to its volume so long as the temperature is constant
500
  • What is the level of the larynx in the neck of an infant relative to the cervical section of the vertebral column?
  • C3-C4
500
  • What are the five layers of the vocal folds?
  • Squamous epithelium
  • Superficial lamina propria
  • Intermediate lamina propria
  • Deep lamina propria
  • Vocalis muscle
500
  • The recurrent laryngeal nerve is
  • motor to lateral cricoarytenoid and sensory to the lower larynx
  • ten centimeters longer on the left than the right
  • loops under the aortic arch
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