Listing things
Morphological processes (2)
inflection and word formation
Word
The smallest element that may be pronounced in isolation.
Marks an ungrammatical sentence
asterisk (*)
An irregular verb
e.g. put, beat, come, have, drink
American speakers are more likely to say: 'I've done that already' than 'I did that already'.
False
BrE prefers the perfect form
Open word classes (4)
nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Lingua Franca
a language used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages.
They inflect for tense, can be finite or non-finite and agree with the subject
verb
A prescriptive grammar rule
e.g. don't split your infinitives, don't start a sentence with and or don't end a sentence with a preposition
True
The units of linguistics (6)
phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
Clause
A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. Can be dependent or independent
The smallest unpredictable combinations of form and meaning.
morpheme
An English dialect
British: RP, Gordie, Yorkshire, Brummie, Essex, Cockney, London, Dorset dialects
Scotland: Glasgow and Highland English
Wales: Cardiff dialect
Ireland: Dublin dialect
American: AAVE, Cajun, Chicano, Midwestern, Baltimore, California dialects
Canada: Greater Toronto, Quebec
Descriptive grammar tries to describe how language is actually used by speakers.
True
Types of grammar (6)
primary/secondary
prescriptive/descriptive
pedagogic/scientific
Grammar
a system of rules that enables users of a language to relate linguistic form to meaning
‘unfinished’ forms, cannot make a VP on their own
non-finite verb forms
A complementizer
that, because, whether, if, since
Function words have meaning on their own
False
Function words (closed classes) usually have no meaning by themselves
Word categories (9)
noun, verb, determiner, adjective, adverb, preposition, complementizer, coordinator, interjection
Syntax
The study of how languages express relationships between words.
The tensed verb that defines or comments on the subject – and everything that goes with the verb.
predicate
A word that can function both as an adjective and an adverb
hard, fast, easy, fair, just
In a verb paradigm, the secondary forms are the the preterite (past tense), 3rd singular present and the plain present
False
These are the primary forms