Renal & Urinary
CKD, acute kidney injury, and kidney stones are common in what body system?
D (vitamin D is fat‑soluble)
Which of the following vitamins listed is fat‑soluble: B‑Complex, D, or C?
D (vitamin D is fat‑soluble)
What is the primary function of alveoli?
Exchange gases between air and blood.
The body’s “information superhighway” refers to which system?
Nervous system
Which component of the immune system produces antibodies?
B cells
What is the main function of nephrons in the kidneys?
To filter blood (remove waste; produce urine) — nephrons are the functional unit that filter blood and form urine.
Fill in the blank: ______ is a carbohydrate found in plant cell walls.
Fiber
During external respiration, which gas movement occurs between alveoli and blood?
Oxygen diffuses into blood while carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli.
What transmits signals through the body?
Neurons (the neuron is the cell that transmits signals; axon is a part of a neuron that conducts impulses)
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Transport immune cells and filter harmful substances (lymph circulation and lymph nodes)
What do the renal veins do?
Transport cleaned blood away from kidneys.
What is the primary function of villi in the digestive system?
To increase surface area for absorption.
Which lung has three lobes in most mammals: left or right? How many lobes does it have?
Right lung — it has 3 lobes (in many mammals; for typical domestic species like dogs/cats, right lung commonly has multiple lobes).
What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Managing rest and digest functions (parasympathetic).
In the female reproductive system, what is the function of the fallopian tubes?
Transport eggs to the uterus (site of fertilization/egg passage).
Which of these is a characteristic of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Long‑term inability to filter blood waste.
What is the primary function of bile in digestion?
To emulsify/break down fats (aid fat digestion and absorption).
Describe the process of inhalation in simple steps.
Inhalation: diaphragm contracts (moves down), chest cavity expands, air flows into lungs.
Which endocrine gland is called the “master gland”?
Pituitary gland
Which structure is responsible for sperm production and hormone secretion?
Testes
Explain how you would convert a nutrient concentration from dry matter basis to as‑fed basis. Give the formula and apply it to:
Formula: as‑fed% = dry matter% × dry‑basis%
Ryegrass silage has 16% crude protein on a dry matter basis. If the silage is 30% dry matter, what is the crude protein concentration on an as‑fed basis?
As‑fed CP = 0.30×16%=4.8%0.30×16%=4.8% (so 4.8% crude protein as‑fed)
What is the main function of the pleura?
The pleura protect and lubricate the lungs and allow smooth expansion (pleural membranes surround lungs and reduce friction).
Explain the role of the hypothalamus in connecting the nervous and endocrine systems.
The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems by receiving neural signals and controlling the pituitary gland (releasing hormones that regulate body functions).
Explain what occurs during inflammation (list the classic signs) and give one example of when inflammation is beneficial.
Inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, pain (and sometimes loss of function). Example beneficial: brings immune cells to fight infection and promotes healing.