I heart you
Heart Heart Baby
Broken Heart
Heartbreak Hotel
Heartfelt
100
Cardiac cells are connected by intercalated disks and a fusion of cell membranes to form
Syncytium (interconnected mass)
100
Define preload and afterload
Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (the amount of blood that must be pumped out). Afterload is the resistance in the arteries that the ventricle must overcome to pump blood.
100
Why is Lasix sometimes called a loop diuretic?
Lasix is called a loop diuretic because it inhibits reabsorption of sodium in the loops of Henle.
100
What is characterized by the rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell through channels, the slower influx of calcium ions, and the outflow of potassium ions.
Depolarization
100
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) causes the conversion of what to what
Angiotensin I to angiotensin II
200
Depolarization of cardiac cells is characterized the influx of what two ions and the outflow of what one ion?
Rapid influx of Sodium, slower influx calcium, outflow of potassium
200
List the four basic compensatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system
Increasing the heart rate, increasing the stroke volume, increasing the efficiency of the heart muscle, and heart enlargement
200
The use of many diuretics can lead to a dangerous loss of what electrolyte?
Potassium
200
The amount of blood that the heart is capable of pumping per minute is called
Cardiac output
200
List the precautions that should be taken when applying Nitroglycerin ointment.
Wear gloves; rotate application sites; do not pet the animal at the application site; measure the dosage in inches; and contact the veterinarian if a rash appears
300
A relatively long ___________ is important to cardiac cells to prevent a constant state of contraction from recycling impulses.
Refractory period (a period during which a nerve or muscle is incapable of responding to stimulation, esp immediately following a previous stimulation)
300
Catecholamines (epinephrine) primary use in cardiology
Stimulation of cardiac contraction in cardiac arrest
300
List four vasodilator drugs and classify each as arteriolar dilator, venodilator, or mixed
Hydralazine—arteriolar dilator; nitroglycerin—venodilator; prazosin—combined; enalapril—combined
300
This happens when the pumping ability of the heart is impaired to the extent that sodium and water are retained in an effort to compensate for inadequate cardiac output.
Congestive heart failure
300
What is hypokalemia?
An abnormally low potassium level in the blood
400
Define chronotropic and inotropic effects in relation to the heart.
Chronotropic is the rate of contraction. Inotropic is the force or strength of the contraction.
400
List five objectives of treatment for heart failure
Control rhythm disturbances, maintain or increase cardiac output, relieve fluid accumulations, increase the oxygenation of blood, and provide oxygen/sedatives
400
List five factors that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias
Conditions that cause hypoxia; electrolyte imbalances; increased levels or sensitivity to catecholamines; certain drugs such as digitalis, barbiturates, and others; and cardiac trauma or disease
400
List five ancillary methods of treatment for cardiovascular disease
Bronchodilation, oxygen therapy, sedation, aspiration, and centesis
400
List three effects of administration of catecholamines
Increased force of contraction; an increase in blood pressure; elevated blood glucose levels
500
Why is the heart considered to be two pumps functionally?
Right atrium/right ventricle serve as one pump for ejecting blood to the lungs. Left atrium/left ventricle pump blood to the systemic circulation.
500
List four beneficial effects and one potential toxic effect of the use of the cardiac glycosides
Beneficial effects include improved cardiac contractility, decreased heart rate, antiarrhythmic effect, and decreased signs of dyspnea. A toxic effect is vomiting.
500
List six categories of antiarrhythmic drugs and give an example of each
Class IA—quinidine; class IB—lidocaine; class IC—flecainide; class II—propranolol; class III—bretylium; class IV—diltiazem
500
What are the primary goals of the dietary management of heart disease?
Sodium restriction, maintenance of good body weight and condition (reduction of obesity or cachexia). In some instances, specific nutrient deficiencies, concurrent disease, and/or electrolyte disorders may need to be addressed.
500
When situations cause spontaneous depolarization of cardiac muscle or abnormalities of the conduction system, __________ may occur.
arrhythmia
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