Fluid Distribution
What are the ways(3) fluids occur in the body?
Compartments, Movement of water, Electrolytes between compartments
What is the difference between fluid hydrostatic pressure vs fluid oncotic/colloid pressure?
Fluid Hydrostatic pressure: drives water out of capillaries
Fluid Oncotic/Colloid pressure: pulls water into capillaries
What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?
Sodium
What is carbonic acid formed from, and what enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
CO2 and H2O; Carbonic anhydrase
What blood pH will produce acidosis & alkalosis?
Alkalosis: above 7.45
What are the two fluid compartments?
Intracellular Fluid Compartment, Extracellular Fluid Compartment
What is the difference between insensible and sensible perspiration?
Which accounts for more water loss in a human who is not exercising?
Insensible: continuous, involuntary loss through skin, respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts. Accounts for 94% of water loss in non-exercising human
sensible: active, visible sweat production in response to heat.
What are the 3 ways electrolytes are secreted (in alphabetical order)?
Feces, Sweat, Urine
(1) What do RBCs absorb in exchange for sending bicarbonate ions into the plasma and (2) what is this process called?
(1) Chloride ions (2) chloride shift
What is the alkaline tide?
When does it usually occur?
The alkaline tide is a phenomenon caused by the influx of bicarbonate ions into the ECF(leads to increased blood pH)
It happens during meals in response to H+ being secreted into the stomach during digestion
What pressures(2) regulate movement of water and electrolytes?
Hydrostatic Pressure, Osmotic Pressure
What is the breakdown of typical water intake for a human?
60% drinking water
30% moist foods
10% metabolism (last step of ETC)
What hormone increases sodium retention and promotes the excretion of potassium?
Where is this hormone produced?
Aldosterone; Adrenal cortex
What happens to the rate of H+ secretion by the kidneys when alkalosis develops?
The rate of H+ secretion decreases
What's a cause of respiratory alkalosis?
What's a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Respiratory alkalosis: Hyperventilation
Metabolic alkalosis: loss of acid(ex. vomiting)
What are the percentages of intracellular and extracellular fluid?
ICF: 63%, ECF: 37%
What happens to fluid during (1) dehydration and (2) edema?
Dehydration: ICF leaves the cells
Edema: ECF enters the cells
What is the condition where a patient would have low sodium levels?
What are optimal sodium levels?
Hyponatremia; 135-145 mmol/L
What is the main buffer system of the
1)ICF
2)ECF
3)Both the ICF and ECF
ICF: Phosphate buffer system
ECF: carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Both: protein buffer system(hemoglobin, amino acid, and plasma protein)
What's a cause of respiratory acidosis?
What's a cause of metabolic acidosis?
Metabolic acidosis: loss of HCO3(-) (diarrhea)
What fluids does transcellular fluid contain?
Cerebrospinal Fluid, Fluid of Eyeball, Synovial Fluid, Serous Fluid
List the fluids in the human body from most to least abundant
Intracellular Fluid, Interstitial Fluid, Plasma, Lymph, Transcellular Fluid
What is the major cation and anion for both extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid?
What are their abbreviations?
ECF cation: Sodium (Na+)
ECF anion: Chloride (Cl-)
ICF cation: Potassium (K+)
ICF anion: Phosphate(HPO₄²⁻ and H₂PO₄⁻ )
(1) When the pH drops too low, what happens to respiratory rate? (2) Which receptors sense this change in PCO2 of the blood?
(1) Respiratory rate increases
(2) chemoreceptors(of the carotid and aortic bodies)
What is hypercapnia?
What is hypocapnia?
What causes each?
Hypercapnia is an increased blood PCO2 caused by hypoventilation
Hypocapnia is a below normal PCO2 caused by hyperventilation