Water Properties
Why is ice less dense than liquid water?
Water molecules spread out in a crystal structure when frozen
Which type of transport requires ATP energy?
Active transport
Carbohydrates are mainly made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monomer for nucleic acids are called:
What are proteins made of? (monomer for proteins)
amino acids
Which property of water makes the oceans a good temperature regulator for the planet?
high specific heat capacity
Which process moves molecules against the concentration gradient?
active transport
The main function of carbohydrates in living things is:
quick energy and short-term energy storage
The function of DNA is to:
store genetic information
What is the bond that links amino acids together called?
peptide bond
Water is a polar molecule because:
oxygen pulls electrons more strongly than hydrogen, so the oxygen end is slightly negative and the hydrogen end is slightly positive
Abby put raisins in water overnight and they get bigger. Explain why this happens.
Water moves into the raisins by osmosis because the inside of the raisin has a higher solute concentration than the surrounding water.
What is the name for the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide
What are the main components of a triglyceride?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What determines the shape of a protein and why is the shape of a protein important?
The sequence of amino acids determines the shape, the shape determines its function
Which property of water helps plants move water upward through xylem?
adhesion and cohesion
Why does a cell membrane need to be selectively permeable?
So the cell can control what enters and leaves, keeping a stable internal environment (homeostasis).
What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide?
A monosaccharide is 1 sugar unit, a disaccharide is 2 sugar units joined together, and a polysaccharide is many sugar units linked together.
What are the functions of lipids in the body?
They are for long term energy storage, they help build cell membranes (phospholipids), provide insulation, and some act as hormones (steroids).
What is denaturation and what happens to the protein?
Denaturation is when a protein loses its shape due to heat, pH, or chemicals, causing it to stop working.
What is a hydrogen bond, and why is it important for water’s behavior?
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative atom (like oxygen) in another molecule.
Cohesion (water sticks to itself → droplets, surface tension)
Adhesion (water sticks to other surfaces → helps water move up plant xylem)
High specific heat (water resists temperature change)
Ice being less dense than liquid water (so ice floats)
What is the difference between passive transport and active transport? Give and example of each.
Passive transport does not require energy (ATP) and moves substances down the concentration gradient. Active transport requires ATP and moves substances against the concentration gradient.
Osmosis, Diffusion
A glycosidic bond is a bond that links sugars together. What is the process through which this bond forms?
It forms when two sugars join during dehydration synthesis (removing water).
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds and are usually solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond and are usually liquid at room temperature.
What allows proteins to form a tertiary structure? Name the types of interactions.
Interactions between R-groups (side chains).
Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulfide bridges, Hydrophobic interactions