Chemistry
The three subatomic particles and their charges
What are protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-) ?
the ability of a solute to dissolve within a solvent
What is solubility ?
Average salinity of the open ocean
what is 35ppt
Equation for density
What is density = mass/volume
_________ solutions have more H+ ions and ___________ solutions have less H+ ions (and more OH- ions)
What are acidic, alkaline
When opposite sides of a molecule have contrasting (partial) electrical charges
What is polarity?
very soluble in seawater because of its ability to form carbonic acid
The way salinity impacts freezing point
What is as salinity increases, the freezing point of water decreases (makes it more difficult to create ice) ?
Three factors that DECREASE density
What are increasing temperatures, decreasing pressure, and decreasing salinity
definitions of halocline and thermocline
What are "layer of water below the mixed surface layer where a rapid change in salinity can be measured as depth increases" and "a layer between two layers of water with different temperatures" ?
Temperature of liquid water goes down according to kinetic particle theory
what is the energy/movement of the particles slows down and they arrange themselves in a lattice structure that grows and moves apart, creating solid ice with a lower density than liquid water ?
This mixing makes it easier for gases in the atmosphere to dissolve into the ocean and works to maintain equilibrium
what is turbulence ?
3 factors INCREASING salinity
what are warmer temperatures, evaporation, and freezing?
How tropical seas are an exception to the normal salinity-density correlation
What is in tropical seas the surface temp creates high evaporation rates at the surface, resulting in a warm and salty layer across the ocean surface that floats despite its increased salinity because temps are so high ?
This property allows water to act as a temperature buffer to moderate the planet's climate. Requiring a lot of energy to change something
What is specific heat capacity ?
The covalent bonding of a water molecule
What is oxygen has 6 valence electrons, so 1 electron from each hydrogen atom is paired with an electron from the oxygen atom ?
4 factors INCREASING gas solubility
what are
decreasing water temperatures,
increasing water depth
decreasing salinity,
increasing atmospheric pressure ?
3 factors DECREASING salinity
What are colder temperatures, precipitation, and surface runoff ?
How ice becomes less dense than liquid water
what is
lattice structures formed by water molecules move outwards, so it's taking up more volume, but mass stays the same, distributing the weight differently and making ice less dense than liquid water ?
three factors that cause thermoclines and haloclines to weaken or break
what are strong winds, stormy weather/wave action, currents, upwelling
The ionic bonding of sodium chloride
What is Na and Cl are attracted because of their incomplete outer shells, so Na gives up an electron, becoming a cation (Na+) and Cl receives the electron, becoming an anion (Cl-) and they are bonded as Na+Cl- ?
Four reasons why dissolved oxygen concentration increases as you go deeper below the oxygen minimum layer?
What are 1) bacteria decompose organic material and carry out aerobic respiration to produce O 2) organisms below oxygen minimum layer don't require much food and don't need to respire much so they survive with less oxygen 3) temperatures decrease, increasing solubility of oxygen 4) pressures increase, increasing solubility of oxygen
when a body of water has a salinity level greater than 40%
What is hypersaline ?
The reason ice being less dense is important to sea life
What is so that animals can have a habitat above the ice and the ice acts as a thermal insulator and stops the entire water column from freezing
The reason why water is the universal solvent
what is the partial charges on the water molecule allow water to interact and form bonds with charged ions from many ionic and covalent substances ?