Hip
What is the mechanism of stability in the hip joint?
What is...
Bony (structural/passive)
Which muscle must be tight if you cannot achieve terminal knee extension?
What is...
Popliteus
What articulates at the subtalar joint? What actions occur here?
What is...
Talus & calcaneus (ant/post articulation)
Calcaneus & cuboid (lateral articulation)
Talus & navicular (medial articulation)
Actions: ABD/ADD, EV/IV
What makes the transverse abdominis a unique trunk stabilizer?
What is...
It is multi-segmental, which means it should be a "mover" but it is a stabilizer.
Which spinal vertebrae have a large triangular vertebral foramen? Which have a tiny vertebral foramen? Why might this be?
What is...
Cervical = large
Lumbar = tiny
Cervical needs to house the spinal cord. Lumbar needs a larger body for weight bearing & compressive forces at COM
How much hip mobility is required for sitting?
How much flexion is needed for normal gait?
What is...
60 degrees
What bones make up the mid foot?
What about the Rearfoot (hindfoot)?
What is...
Midfoot: Navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms
Hindfoot: Tibfib, talus & calcaneus
What are the 3 functions of the spine? Explain each.
What is...
Protection: protect CNS & PNS
Stability: allows for multidirectional forces
Mobility: allows segmental 3 degrees of motion
Why is the T spine so stable?
There are 2 reasons
What is...
Long, overlapping spinous processes
Rib attachments on the transverse processes (articular facets)
How would you maximize the stretch of the hip flexors?
Bias hip internal rotation
The least amount of force on the patella is in what position?
What is...
Knee extension (quads not firing)
Draw the axis of the talocrural joint and subtalar joint in the transverse plane
What is...
What is the difference between a deep/uni segmental muscle group? and a multi segmental muscle group?
Give example of each
What is...
Deep/uni segmental = control individual joints to function well (ex: multifidi)
Multisegmental = crossing more than 2 joints... designed for movement (ex: erector spinae)
In the vertebral column, what is considered "cervical" in terms of movement?
What is...
T4 & higher acts like cervical
Lower than T4 is considered "long lumbar"
What is the normal hip joint angle, coxa valga and coxa vara?
How would each impact the knees?
What is...
Normal = 125
Coxa Valga = >140 leads to knocked knees
Coxa Vara = <125 leads to bowlegged knees
The lateral hamstring creates ___ and the pes anserine muscles create ___
Think about the tibia positioning
What is...
External tibial rotation (prevents anteromedial translation of tibia under femur)
Tibial internal rotation (prevents anterolateral translation of tibia under femur)
What 3 muscles in the leg help provide dynamic support for the medial longitudinal arch?
CLUE: think attachment to navicular (aka "keystone" of arch)
What is...
Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, fibularis longus
What movements occur at the OA joint? What movements occur at the AA joint (btwn C1 & C2)?
What coupled motion happens at C1 & C2? What is the purpose of it?
What is...
OA: Flexion/extension + side bend
AA: rotation
Side bend & rotation occur in OPPOSITE DIRECTION; purpose = righting reaction
Which ligament becomes thin and weak across lower lumbar segments? Explain what may ensue if this is the case.
What is...
Posterior longitudinal ligament. Potential disc herniation at L4-L5 or L5-S1. Years of bending/twisting can weaken this ligament, and it cannot overcome the compressive forces on the disc.
Avascular necrosis is often a worry when dealing with what type of fracture? Explain what happens
What is...
Femoral neck fracture leads to bone death in the head of the femur due to loss of blood supply.
Explain the resultant force of the patella in the patellofemoral joint in the context of a deep squat
Why would a deep squat produce more force than standing?
What is...
The magnitude of the resultant force during a deep squat increases, as the angle decreases between the force from the quads & patellar tendon. As you lower, the patella glides down towards the intercondylar fossa, creating a ton of congruency and compression at the PF joint --> PAIN
During standing, the quads & patellar tendon need much less force to hold the position statically.
Explain the windlass mechanism of plantar fascia (aponeurosis) & spring ligament?
What is...
Provides passive support. While the great toe is dorsiflexed in heel strike, the plantar fascia tightens, increasing the medial longitudinal arch and the "truss". The ground reaction forces go through the plantar fascia, creating a propulsion forward, which allows the foot to plantarflex smoothly without collapsing. It also holds the bones of the midfoot tightly together during DF.
What are the 3 Fryette Laws of Spinal Motion?
What is...
#1 when spine is in neutral, side bending to one side will be accompanied by rotation to the OPPOSITE side.
#2 When the spine is in a flexed/extended position, side bending to one side will be accompanied by rotation to SAME side
#3 When motion is introduced in one plane, it will modify/reduce motion in the other 2 planes
** does not apply to cervical because sidebending & rotation always occur at the same side **
Why don't you see scoliosis in the C spine?
What is...
The joints of Von Luschka limit side bending/lateral flexion