German philology, its subject and tasks
Synchrony and diachrony.
Synchrony and diachrony.
What is defined as the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.
Philology
The Germanic languages belong to this broad family of languages that also includes Romance and Slavic languages.
Indo-European language famliy
This grammatical number existed in Proto-Indo-European and is still found in some modern Germanic languages.
Dual numbers
This language is considered a West Germanic language and is the most widely spoken Germanic language today.
English
This law describes how Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops changed into voiceless fricatives in the Germanic languages.
Grimm's Law
This term refers to the linguistic analysis that focuses on the language system at a particular point in time.
Synchrony
The Germanic languages like English and German split from this hypothetical ancestral language, which is also the ancestor of most European languages and many languages in South Asia.
Proto-Indo European
Germanic languages share this type of morphological case system inherited from Proto-Indo-European.
inflectional case system
This extinct East Germanic language was spoken by tribes in Eastern Europe and is known from inscriptions and other minor evidence.
Gothic
Name the phonological process by which a consonant sound changes to a more back position in the mouth, seen in the development from Proto-Indo-European to Germanic.
Umlaut
This term describes the study of how languages change over time.
Diachrony
Germanic languages are classified under this branch of the Indo-European languages, which includes languages like English and German.
Centum branch
This linguistic phenomenon, common across many Indo-European languages including the Germanic languages, refers to the shift where voiced aspirates become plain voiced stops.
Deaspiration
Name the Germanic language that underwent significant French influence, resulting in a large number of Romance loanwords.
English
This term describes a second consonant shift that affected High German during the historical period.
High German Consonant Shift
This concept in philology represents the unchanging, stable elements of a language.
Statics
This ancient language, closely related to Germanic languages, provides significant evidence for reconstructing Proto-Indo-European.
Sanskrit
This feature, common to Indo-European languages, involves modifying a verb to indicate aspects of its action.
Conjugation
This Scandinavian language is noted for its mutual intelligibility with Norwegian and Swedish.
Danish
Name the phenomenon where the pronunciation of 's' changes to 'sh' in certain contemporary Germanic languages, such as English.
Palatalization
This field of German philology involves studying the language's evolution and how it has changed from its oldest forms to its present state.
Historical linguistics
This term refers to the Eastern group of Indo-European languages, contrasting with the Centum languages.
Satem
These are sets of rules or analogies in Proto-Indo-European languages that Germanic languages often show, especially in their syntax and grammar.
Name the only surviving North Germanic language that is not considered a Scandinavian language.
Icelandic
This linguistic phenomenon, illustrated by Grimm’s Law, is a type of sound change where unvoiced stops become voiced stops, and voiced stops become fricatives.
What is fortition?