Week 1 HCOM

Biochemistry

100

What converts Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC)

200

Where do the following occur:

1. Glycolysis?

2. Citric acid cycle?

3. Oxidative phosphorylation?

•Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

•Citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix*

•Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane

(*Except succinate dehydrogenase, which is located in the inner membrane)

300

How much ATP is produced per glucose in cellular respiration

Total ATP production is 38 ATP per glucose.

1. Glycolysis: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

2. Pyruvate Processing : 2 Pyruvate + 2 NAD + 2CoA --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH

3. Citric acid cycle: 2 AcetylCoA + 6 NAD + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2Pi -->4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 2 CoA

4. Electron transfer chain: 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 34 ADP + 34 Pi + 6 O2--> 34 ATP + 10 NAD + 2 FAD
(Using conversion factor: 3 ATP/NADH and 2 ATP /FADH2)

400

What are the first two steps of Gluconeogenesis?

1. Pyruvate->(Pyruvate carboxylase)->Oxaloacitate 

2. Oxaloacitate->(PEP carboxykinase)->PEP

500

Draw out the citric acid cycle

https://metabolomics.creative-proteomics.com/citrate-cycle-metabolism-service.htm 

extrinsic back muscles

100

Name all the extrensic muscles of the back

Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid major and minor

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Serratus Posterior Superior

200

What is the main action of the trapezius?

Descending (superior) part elevates, ascending (inferior) part depresses, and middle part (or all parts together) retracts scapula; descending and ascending parts act together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly.

300

What is the innervation of the rhomboids?

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

400

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior?

9th–11th intercostal nerves, subcostal (T12) nerve

500

What is the origin of the Levator scapulae?

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1–C4 vertebrae

OMM

100

What is the first thing you do when you are about to start OMT on a patient?

ASK FOR CONSENT

200

Where is the Navicular located?

Medial foot (idk how to type it, this website wont let me paste photos)

300

How do you assess for springiness along someone's spine?

You probs did it right :)

400

What are the 4 tenets of osteopathy?

1.  The body is a unit:

2. The body possesses self-healing and self-regulating mechanisms:

3. Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated

4. Rational treatment is based on these preceding principles.

500

What is tensegrity?

•We are stacked from the bottom up and hang from the top down

Tensegrity in the body refers to the structural principle where bones, acting as compression elements, are suspended and stabilized by a network of tension-bearing tissues like muscles, ligaments, and fascia, creating a dynamic and interconnected system.

cells and tissues

100

What is H&E staining?

•H = hematoxylin (dark purple – blue); behaves like a basic dye and binds to acidic (negatively charged) structures

•E = eosin (pink – red); acidic dye and adheres to basic (positively charged) structures

200

Label the epithelial layer. How do we classify this special type of epithelium (simple, stratified, pseudostratified, or transitional)? How do you know?

1Simple columnar epithelium; single (monolayer) sheet cells; oval-shaped nuclei; every cell contacts the basal lamina (basement membrane) on their basal surface while their apical surface reaches the lumen

300

Give an example of connective tissue

Dermis of skin, subcutaneous tissue, tendons, ligaments, lamina propria and submucosa of alimentary canal, bone, cartilage, Wharton jelly of the umbilical cord, etc.

400

1.What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?

Loose vs dense arrangement of fibers in extracellular matrix

500

How can you tell the difference between muscle tissue types in an H&E stain?

Skeletal Muscle:

• Striations
• Skeletal muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated. 
• The nuclei are typically located peripherally, near the cell membrane.
• Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged in parallel bundles, creating a striated pattern.
  
  

Cardiac Muscle:

• Striations: Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle fibers are also striated due to the presence of sarcomeres.
• shorter and often branched, with connections to adjacent cells at specialized structures called intercalated discs.
• one or two centrally located nuclei.
• Intercalated Discs

  
  

  
  

Smooth Muscle:

• Striations:Smooth muscle lacks the distinct striations seen in skeletal and cardiac muscle. 
• Cell Shape: spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends, and have a single, centrally located nucleus. 
•  Arranged in sheets or layers, often surrounding hollow organs. 

  
  

intrinsic back muscles

100

Name all the muscles that make up the transversospinales muscle group from superficial to deep.

•Semispinalis – superficial, spanning 4-6 segments

•Multifidus – deeper, spanning 2-4 segments

•Rotatores – deepest, spanning 1-2 segments

200

What is the main action of the Rotatores?

May function as organs of proprioception; possibly stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of vertebral column

300

What nerve supplies the longissimus?

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

400

What is the origin of the splenius capitis and cervicis?

Arises from nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7–T6 vertebrae

500

List all of the intrinsic muscles of the back from superficial to deep

Superficial: Splenius capitis & cervicis

Intermediate: Erector spinae

- Iliocostalis

- Longissimus

- Spinalis

Deepest: Transversospinales

- Semispinalis 

- Multifidus 

- Rotatores