The Citric Acid Cycle
This six carbon molecule is the first product of the citric acid cycle, the product of a reaction between Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA
What is Citrate?
This ion is pumped out of the intracellular membrane to facillitate a chemiosmotic gradient. The return of this ion into the cell is what fuels the conversion of ADP to ATP via ATP Synthase.
What is Hydrogen?
Insulin is produced by this subtype of pancreatic cells.
What are Beta cells?
Lactate is a substrate for gluconeogenesis. This cycle is the name for the process by which lactate is converted back into glucose.
What is the Cori Cycle?
Two molecules of this gas are produced as a byproduct of the citric acid cycle.
What is Carbon Dioxide?
This electronegative intracellular molecule is necessary to act as a terminal acceptor of electrons.
What is oxygen?
Among other things, this hormone increases ketogenesis and decreases glycolysis.
What is glucagon?
This pancreatic hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis.
What is glucagon?
This triphosphate molecule is produced when succinyl-CoA is converted into succinate.
What is GTP?
This compound is processed at Complex I. For each molecule that is processed this way, 2.5 molecules of ATP are produced.
What is NADH?
One of the functions of this hormone is stimulating glycogenesis.
What is insulin?
This is the net energy product of glycolysis.
What is 2 ATP and 1 NADH?
This four carbon molecule is produced in the mitochondria of the liver, but must be converted into Malate to leave it. It is consumed in the first step of the citric acid cycle, and produced by the last.
What is oxaloacetate?
This many molecules of ATP are produced on average for every molecule of FADH2 that passes through the electron transport chain.
What is 1.5?
This hormone is released from the adrenal medulla when a very sudden drop in blood glucose is detected.
What is adrenaline?
These three enzymes act as the rate-limiting steps of glycolysis.
What are hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase?
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA by this enzyme.
What is Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?
This number is the total amount of ATP produced by the electron transport chain from one molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
What is 28? (32 ATP total, including 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 GTP from Citric Acid Cycle)
The concentration of glucose in the blood, in fasting state, is kept within this range.
What is 3.9-5.8 mmol/L?
Despite being created by doing chemistry to a product of glycolysis, this molecule can NOT be used for gluconeogenesis.
What is Acetyl CoA?