Hofstede
People in this culture are expected to prioritize their own goals and the ties between people are loose, with a focus on personal autonomy and self-reliance.
Individualism
In many Asian countries, much communication is conveyed through nonverbals and context.
Hall's high-context communication
Overgeneralized assumptions about cultural groups.
Stereotypes
Visible, tangible aspects of culture (e.g., clothing, food, architecture).
Material culture
Evaluating cultures within their own context, not external standards.
Cultural relativism
Cultures that have a strong preference for clear rules, structured situations, and a low tolerance for ambiguity or unconventional ideas.
High uncertainity avoidance
A German executive, used to direct and explicit communication, is trying to understand the progress of a project.
Hall's low culture context
Treating a group as fundamentally different, reinforcing exclusion.
Othering
Hidden, intangible aspects (e.g., values, beliefs, traditions).
Non-material culture
A structured framework for guided reflection. Description → Feelings → Evaluation → Analysis → Conclusion → Action plan for reflection.
Gibb's Reflective Cycle
Hierarchy is minimized and individuals expect to participate equally in decision-making, viewing authority as more consultative than commanding.
low power distance
An American, who is used to a large personal space, is traveling in India where personal space is typically smaller, and felt uncomfortable. Which theory describes this?
Proxemics
Judging other cultures by one’s own standards as superior.
Ethnocentrism
A person's perception of oneself in a cultural context.
Cultural identity
In Deardorff's model, what describes the internal shift in an individual's mindset and adaptability
The Internal Outcome stage
Cultures that allow relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun.
High indulgence (vs. constraint)
A consultant from Germany is used to having schedules and deadlines strictly followed. Which theory describes perception about time?
Chronemics
Stress from navigating unfamiliar cultures. Stages: Honeymoon → Frustration → Adjustment → Adaptation
Culture shock
What people consider as important and serves as guiding principals.
Values
Identifies with a worldwide community, valuing diversity and global responsibility.
In Switzerland, where simplicity and modesty are favoured, how would you describe the societal inclination towards achievement and success?
Low on Masculinity - High on Femininity
In this process, there is a "sender" and a "receiver". The sender sends a "coded" message, and the receiver is responsible of "decoding" the message.
Communication Process
What are the different stages of culture shock?
Honeymoon → Frustration → Adjustment → Adaptation
Behavioral expectations shared within a culture.
Norms
What are the five elements of Deardorff's Intercultural Competence model?
Attitudes → Knowledge→ Skills→Internal outcome→External outcome