Parkinson's Disease
What neurotransmitter deficiency is primarily responsible for Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine
Multiple sclerosis is caused by damage to what part of the nervous system?
Myelin sheath in the CNS.
Which joints are most commonly affected by osteoarthritis?
Weight-bearing joints (knees, hips, spine, hands).
What is the priority assessment in a patient with a fracture?
Neurovascular status (circulation, sensation, movement).
What is the most common cause of acute low back pain?
Muscle strain or ligament sprain.
Name one classic motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease.
Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, or postural instability.
What is often the first presenting symptom of MS?
Visual disturbances (optic neuritis).
What is the typical description of osteoarthritis pain?
Worsens with activity, improves with rest.
What does RICE stand for in fracture/sprain care?
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
What red flag symptom suggests possible cauda equina syndrome?
Bowel/bladder incontinence or saddle anesthesia.
What type of gait is commonly seen in Parkinson’s disease?
Shuffling gait (festinating gait).
Name one common trigger of MS exacerbations.
Heat, infection, stress, or fatigue.
What are Heberden’s nodes?
Bony enlargements of the distal interphalangeal joints.
What is compartment syndrome and why is it dangerous?
Increased pressure in a closed space → impaired circulation → tissue/nerve death.
What conservative treatment is most effective for chronic low back pain?
Exercise/physical therapy and core strengthening.
What is the hallmark of Parkinson's tremors that differentiates these tremors from essential tremors?
What medication class is used as first-line disease-modifying therapy?
Interferon beta or other immunomodulators.
What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for osteoarthritis?
Acetaminophen (then NSAIDs if needed).
What is the purpose of traction in fracture management?
To reduce fracture, immobilize, and decrease muscle spasms.
What imaging test is most appropriate if neurological deficits are present?
MRI of the lumbar spine.
Which surgical treatment involves implanting electrodes in the brain to reduce symptoms?
Deep brain stimulation.
What test is most commonly used to diagnose MS?
MRI of the brain/spinal cord (showing plaques/lesions).
What non-pharmacological interventions are key in OA management?
Weight reduction, physical therapy, exercise, assistive devices.
What complication can occur with long bone fractures leading to CVA or respiratory distress?
Fat embolism syndrome.
What education should nurses provide about preventing recurrence of back pain?
Proper body mechanics, lifting techniques, maintaining healthy weight, strengthening core.